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David Hume's analysis of causality
Pakandl, Martin ; Rybák, David (advisor) ; Hauser, Michael (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on David Hume's analysis of causality. The two major philosophical works about this topic are A Treatise of Human Nature and Enquiries concerning Human Understanding. The first chapter is about intellectual background which Hume came from when he is dealing with cause-effect problem. At that time there were two main epistemological theories: rationalism and empirism. Both will be discuss there. The next chapter is about Hume's way of thinking about human understanding. This chapter is important for us beacuse there are many terms which will be useful for understanding causality. Crucial role plays The Theory of Ideas, according to each content of a mind has a source in experience. The first perceptions are called impresions and their copies are called ideas. Ideas are processed by memory and imagination. There are two categories of contents of human understanding: relations of ideas and matters of facts. We will focus on matters of facts because they are based on causality. Hume as a empirist is searching for a source of idea of causality in our experience. He finds out that we cant find it in objects of our minds themselves, but is based on relations among them. These relations are: contiguity, constant conjunction, priority of time in the cause before the effect and...
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The Concept of Woman: Philosophical Reflection
Janatová, Kristýna ; Pelcová, Naděžda (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
The topic of the diploma thesis is "The Concept of Woman: Philosophical Reflection." The purpose of this paper is to discuss the phenomenon of femininity and the position of woman not only in the world but in her own body as well. It examines the relationship between a woman and a man. Attention is focused on sameness and difference in self - concept and thinking of both genders. The primary aim is equality of rights and duties between both genders. The paper expands upon eight basic areas. The first chapter deals with woman and the mental and physical form of love. Furthermore, attention is paid to women and marriage, with attention focused on engagement, wedding ceremony and divorce. The chapter regarding women and family correlates to a high degree with the chapter about women and work, attention is focused on the traditional distribution of roles and on the distribution of work at home and outside of home. The chapter "Women and Feminism" maps the demands of that ideology. The chapter "Women for Women" points to the fact that women are not always supporting each other. The chapter "Women and Cognition" analyses the possibilities and conditions of cognition of women. The last chapter focuses on woman's relationship to her own body and evaluates the impact of today's age on the impression of...
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WILL ACCORDING TO ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
Kubica, František ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee) ; Demjančuk, Nikolaj (referee)
This Ph.D. thesis aims to clarify the notion of will of Arthur Schopenhauer in a historical context. The understanding of will in Schopenhauer's predecessors - Descartes, Leibniz, Kant and Hegel - will also be covered. The paper will try to discover what impact their notion of will had on Schopenhauer's philosophy, which is the topic of the second, most important part of the thesis. It will present Schopenhauer's understanding of the world as will and idea. According to Schopenhauer, everything in the world is subordinate to causal laws, which the thesis also presents. There are even more topics to be covered - the partition of the world to subject and objects, which exist only for the subject, examples of manifestation of the will in nature and different branches of science, the impossibility of freedom and so on. Our attention will also be focused on what impact Schopenhauer's notion of will had on his aethetics and ethics. The last part deals with the voluntarism of Friedrich Nietzsche, who transforms Schopenhauer's pessimistic notion of a cruel will to life to an optimistic will to power. In relation to this, several topics will be covered - ressentiment as a consequence of the massive spread of slave morality, the cruitique of Christianity and Nietzsche's expectation of the overman's arrival.
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The Ontology of the Void
Smetana, Pavel ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee) ; Semrádová, Ilona (referee)
Tato práce je vícevrstevným zamyšlením nad tématem prázdnoty. Její prvotní inspirací jsou Bondyho úvahy na toto téma. Nejde o to, ukazovat na neukazatelné, či popisovat nepopsatelné, to by byla spíše filosofická statistika; prázdnota je tu primárně chápána spíše na způsob krajního horizontu, jehož bytostné připuštění zakládá možnost pravého setkání podobném smyslu uvažuje nad souvislostí prázdnoty a milosti a otevírá možnost chápat prázdnotu nikoliv jako axiologickou neurčenost, ale právě jako horizont zvláštního setkání se světem. Takto nahlížená prázdnota otevírá bytostnou plnost a zároveň braných souvislostí těchto myšlenek o mezích ontologie - Plótínovou koncepcí emanační ontologie, či se substanční ontologií ze Spinozovy Protože se v průběhu tohoto rozboru dostává do popředí problém statického a předsudečného chápání ontologické substance (která takové vlastnosti nemůže mít, vyjdeme jako krajního ontologického horizontu), otevírá se otázka původu tohoto problému; v Myšlení vnějšku) a Berďajevem následuje hodnocení možnosti ontologii, což je přeneseně otevření otázky vztahu moci a ontologie či prolínání mocenského hlediska do ontologické úvahy (prázdnota by v yslu představovala zřeknutí se moci). Druhá kapitola práce se návazně zabývá formami zřeknutí se tohoto mocenského hlediska, coby praktikovaného...
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Intersubjectivity and postmodern society: On the phenomenology of the Other
Tlapa, Tomáš ; Pelcová, Naděžda (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee) ; Semrádová, Ilona (referee)
The main topic of the doctoral dissertation Intersubjectivity and postmodern society: On the phenomenology of the Other is the problem of intersubjectivity. The work discusses the question of the other with the particular part of phenomenological thinking which does ask how we experience the other. Our starting point stems from the context of postmodern society, which we discusse in the first chapter ("The paradox of atomicity"). The aim of the second chapter ("Tacitness") is to enable us to phrase the question of the other properly. The third chapter ("Searching for the other in dialogue with Edmund Husserl") at first introduces selected fundamental concepts of the Husserl's phenomenology related to our topic (e.g. epoché) and then discusses the understanding of the other in Husserl's works Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy - Second Book and Cartesian Meditations. The fourth chapter ("Breaches of harmony") is focused on such types of experience that problematize and disturb the altogether harmonic world of Husserlian intersubjectivity. We deal with the phenomenology of the blindness (Jana Moravcová) and the phenomenology of emotions (Jean-Paul Sartre). The fifth chapter ("Strange, weired eyes") uses the them of exile in the poetry of Josef Straka to...
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Dance from phenomenological point of view
Růžičková, Veronika ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
Anotation This diploma thesis is a philosophical essay on the subject of dance and its essence through a phenomenological viewpoint and examination of meaning that is carried by the dance itself. It tries to glimpse fundamental possibilities of dance, its manifestations, and problems connected with its production, perception, the inner attunement of a dancer, spatiality, and temporality on the background of the whole. The main approach is thinking man through on the basis of Heidegger's work - the dancer as a place in which Being happens. Dance is one of the possibilities of how a dancer can be. The thesis should aim towards the enlightenment of a historical viewpoint of dance, the phenomenon of dance, and reach the origin of the art of dance. Knowledge that is given to man through dance is another important part. Dance is also understood as a way of self-possession, which means uncovering dancer's own possibilities. Understanding these possibilities sets the course of events in itself that sets off on a journey of self-discovery and openness of being. Dance is taken as a way of artistic expression and an existential dialogue between a dancer and the world. Ownness is displayed on the background of the truth of being. What should be grasped is the way dance arises in our consciousness and how it is...
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New media in media education on low secondary school
Jovanovičová, Lucie ; Dvořáková, Michaela (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the problematics of new media in the field of media education in the second stage of basic education. In the first part of the thesis, history of social media is presented. Their influence and conduct in society have changed with their mass growth. The development of media production presents risks which need to be faced through complex education of society; development of media literacy, digital literacy, critical thinking, and reading is therefore crucial. The theoretical part of this thesis describes how the age group of lower secondary education students utilizes media. Moreover, the reader is introduced to risks which adolescents face online, and subsequently, means of preparing students for these risks are devised. The second part of the thesis consists of three projects dealing with media literacy and critical thinking advancement. Students are learning to critically asses media messages and they examine all factors which influence message production. Furthermore, the students work with visual image material in a similar way, and they reflect on their own media and digital technology usage.
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Ecological ethics
Valentová, Kristýna ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
The issue of ecological ethics has often been discussed because it is important for the development of further generations. Nature and culture are not at the same level, yet culture is subordinate to nature. Because of human influence, the harmony of nature is endangered and we live in an ecological crisis. This master's thesis compares the opinions of experts in Czech environment who perceive the ecological ethics, collisions of nature and culture and environmental sphere from the point of philosophy. In the first part, there is a theoretical basis of ecological ethics and the elementary classification. Further, the development of ecological ethics in the Czech phylosophical thinking is presented. In the main part, the author always explores two selected ideas of Czech professionals - Erazim Kohák, Josef Šmajs, Hana Librová, Petr Jemelka and Jan Patočka. The conclusion of the thesis is that although all the authors come from various conceptions, their results are more or less corresponding. It is fundamental to accept a personal responsibility and not to long for power and profit. It is imporant to indicate and become aware of ecological crisis and start to solve it on our own at first (e. g. by voluntary modesty and awareness that we leave a legacy for further generations). We do not need to live...
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