|
|
Human Rights in Private Law
Ondřejek, Pavel ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Maršálek, Pavel (referee)
121 Summary Shrnutí v anglickém jazyce The presented work challenges traditional view on human rights as rights guaranteed only against the state. In contemporary world, in which states delegate powers either on supranational structures or on private entities, it is hardly acceptable for the individual to remain unprotected against comparable interferences with his constitutional rights caused by private persons. The classical doctrines of human rights protection lead in this situation to the decrease of level of protection of individuals. Therefore certain models of application of human rights norms in private law are to be scrutinized. How public and private law intertwine in contemporary law was shown on the examples of private military contractors that accompany modern armies in wars as well as transnational corporations operating in the Third World and exploiting indigenous peoples there. Notwithstanding the aforementioned it is clear that it was primarily private law that determined various areas of the "constitutional" status of individuals before modern constitutions of states came into force. From various models of application of human rights norms in private law, the example of models of direct and indirect horizontal application as well as non-application of human rights norms was described and...
|
|
| |
|
|
Legal systems of the contemporary world focusing on confrontation of Continental and Anglo-American legal system
Lukešová, Václava ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
134 Summary The aim of this rigorous work is to provide a basic summary of three of the world's legal systems and some ethnic laws, which have an important influence on the legal order of many states. Further, I have focused on the comparison of the two main legal systems, Continental and Anglo-American. In order to describe characteristic features of legal systems or ethnic laws, I have used, as the most important distinguishing criterion aspect of sources of law, which have a very significant value regarding the origin, character, creation of laws and approach to them. Comparative law, as a specialization in legal science, using as a main method of research, the comparative method plays an important role in this process. For this reason, I've devoted to it an independent Chapter in this work. In the third as far as the eighth Chapter, which are the kernel of the whole rigorous work, I've outlined basic characteristic, geographical differentiation, historical development and legal sources of all three world legal systems and chosen ethnic laws. The work is finished by a conclusion summarizing all findings of the previous Chapters. ¨ Key words: comparative jurisprudence, legal system, sources of law
|
|
|
The change of the substantive attributes of the democratic, law-abiding State in the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court
Preuss, Ondřej ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Gronský, Ján (referee) ; Bartoň, Michal (referee)
Paper: The change of the substantive attributes of the democratic, law-abiding State in the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court Author: Ondřej Preuss Abstract: The paper "The change of the substantive attributes of the democratic, law-abiding State in the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court" aims to present the approach of the Czech Constitutional Court to the change or modication of the substantive requisites of the democratic, law-abiding State and their understanding. The papaer is concluded that the examined approach of the Czech Constitutional Court is obviously possible, however pro futuro it would seem more appropriate to proceed cautiously and with considerable self-restraint. Otherwise the values protected by the Constitutional Court could be in stake because of the activist approach of the Constitutional Court itself.
|
|
|
Legal and ethical aspects of the protection of the beginning and end of human life and its dignity
Blažek, Petr ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Salač, Josef (referee) ; Doležal, Tomáš (referee)
The subject of the following dissertation, as the title states, is to explore legal and ethical aspects of the protection of human life and its dignity. Its aim is not merely to attempt to map the present legal situation regarding the protection of human life in the legal system of the Czech Republic, but also to outline some philosophical and anthropological implications which could have considerable influence on the practical consequences of some legal measures, including general aspects of the protection of human life and the legal regulation of two areas of study chosen by the author, namely assisted reproduction and euthanasia. In this sense the following work does not simply describe the various philosophical- anthropological conceptions in a neutral way, but offers to the reader a possible model which, in the view of the author, best corresponds to the degree of protection that human life and dignity can claim in early and terminal phases, taking a neoscholastic and personalistic view of man and his ontological status, in order to try to deduce from this model ethical implications both in a general sense and in relation to the two above-mentioned areas of application. The aim of the work is thus not only to describe the degree of protection of human life de lege lata, but also by making comparisons...
|
|
|
The Principle of Proportionality and Its Application in the Field of Human Rights Norms
Ondřejek, Pavel ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Holländer, Pavol (referee) ; Bröstl, Alexander (referee)
1 Abstract (in English langugage) In the presented dissertation thesis I tried to argue that if we want to apply the principle of proportionality correctly in case of a collision of fundamental rights or in case of a collision between a fundamental right and a countervailing interest, it is not sufficient only to refer to this principle within the argumentation. On the contrary, it is necessary to recognize a structure of this principle and to apply its components. In order to recognize the structure and components of the proportionality principle, it is necessary to understand the role and effects of human rights in legal orders. I assume that theoretical backgrounds of this principle contribute to the better understanding of the objective tension between the individual's autonomy and general will of the society. Another important aspect in the correct application of this principle is the institutional balance between the legislature and the judiciary and overcoming of the "counter-majoritarian problem". In the contemporary, not only Czech, but also foreign practice we may observe lots of examples in which courts do not pay appropriate attention to the proportionality principle. When solving hard cases, sometimes they made only a reference to this principle without further elaboration. From the...
|
|
|
Obstacles to effectiveness of law
Baňouch, Hynek ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Kühn, Zdeněk (referee) ; Večeřa, Miloš (referee)
217 SUMMARY H. BAŇOUCH: PŘEKÁŽKY EFEKTIVNOSTI PRÁVA. DISERTACE. PRF UK V PRAZE Summary The dissertation thesis Obstacles to effectiveness of law points out to the phenomena, processes and approaches which diminish social effectiveness of law. Effectiveness of law is presented in its legal theoretical as well as economical and sociological form. The author does not give priority to any model of effectiveness, but rather examines advantages and weak points of each model while concurrently keeping a considerable distance from economic ideologization of law. Effectiveness studies, however, should always pursue real effect of law and, plainly speaking, they strive to trace the difference between law in books and law in action. As follows from the analysis of abstract effectiveness, effectiveness of law should be seen as a whole, because focus on partial results can diminish the overall effectiveness. Cost effectiveness is not able to produce a satisfactory outcome because it leaves aside a whole group of goals which cannot be expressed by direct financial income. The reflections are made upon processes which take place in society in transition, i. e. a society which has been undergoing a profound change. The transformation of a European state in the XX and XXI century must be realized by means of law; however,...
|
|
|
The principle of primacy of EU law in the theory and practice of the courts of the European Union Member States
Ondřejková, Jana ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Kühn, Zdeněk (referee) ; Masopust, Zdeněk (referee)
The submitted dissertation thesis analyses the principle of primacy of EU law from the basic point of view of legal theory. It points out different approaches to the primacy principle and examines the arguments on which these approaches are based. The fist part of the thesis deals with the examination of the primacy principle related to its legal basis, using the sources most frequently listed in the literature: the founding treaties, the case law of the Court of Justice, legal theory (Kelsen's basic norm, Hart's rule of recognition and the legal sociology approaches), and international and national law. I have focused on the historical documents (Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community), the concepts based on them (doctrine of the conferred powers and the principle of subsidiarity), and the non-ratified Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe and legally non-binding Declaration No. 17 attached to the Lisbon Treaty. I have applied a critical approach to the argumentation of the Court of Justice in the decisions establishing the principle of primacy: Van Gend en Loos, Costa, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft, Simmenthal. Taking into account the existing objections against the arguments used by the Court of Justice, I have...
|
|
| |
|
|
Quid iuris? (Descriptive Theory of Legal Interpretation and Argumentation)
Žák Krzyžanková, Katarzyna ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Kühn, Zdeněk (referee) ; Večeřa, Miloš (referee)
The objective of the PhD-thesis is analytical and comparative description of the main theoretical and philosophical approaches to the issue of legal interpretation, focusing on practical application. Initially, attention is paid to explanation of the concept of legal interpretation itself, focusing also on the practical meaning of differentiation between each designatum of the concept of legal interpretation as well as the reflection thereof in the applicable law. Other parts of the thesis include an introduction to the general typology of the theories of legal interpretation followed by a more detailed analysis of the three basic contemporary theories (philosophies) of legal interpretation, namely analytical approach (both the so-called horse-shoe analysis and soft-shoe analysis), hermeneutic approach (attention is paid to the traditional as well as modern hermeneutics, both the phenomenological and methodological branch), and discursive approach (represented by the rhetorical-topical view of discourse as well as the procedural concept of discourse). The PhD-thesis results in the pronunciation of a syncretic opinion that the different theories of interpretation of law should be explained and taught in mutual context because this dialogic approach provides a guarantee that their conclusions and...
|
guest ::
