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Teaching of science based on activity of students at lower secondary education
Žáčková, Tereza ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
The topic of this thesis is use of a kind of activity-based teaching in biology lessons in lower secondary school. The thesis is made up of two main parts. The first theoretical part deals with history, characteristic and structure of class work activity learning, its role in school documents, teaching methods and organizational forms of teaching supporting class work activity learning in biology lessons. Another part of the theoretical part is fundamentals in biology lessons that teacher should abide by regardless of the type of teaching. The theoretical part contains a part which deals with presentations in Microsoft PowerPoint and their definition in educational process. The purpose of the experimental part based on a questionnaire for teachers of biology is to find out important facts and the answers to the questions which follow from the nature of the research, and additionally to verify stated hypothesises of the research. The research focuses on teachers of biology at lower secondary school in schools situated in Prague and central Bohemia. Key words: activity-based teaching, teaching methods and organizational forms supporting activity-based teaching
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Key competencies for sustainable action in early education curriculum
Vošahlíková, Tereza ; Teodoridis, Vasilis (advisor) ; Činčera, Jan (referee) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Pedagogická fakulta ABSTRACT KEY COMPETENCIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACTION IN EARLY EDUCATION CURRICULUM PhDr. Tereza Vošahlíková Vedoucí práce Doc. RNDr. Vasilis Teodoridis, Ph.D. Katedra biologie a environmentálních studií Pedf UK Doktorský studijní program pedagogika Externí konzultantka Prof. dr. Ute Stoltenberg Institut für integrative Studien, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg Praha 2012 The thesis introduces environmentally oriented concepts in early education curriculum with one leading point of view: key competences for sustainable action. Key competences represent new, open ended form of educational goals. Early education curriculum defined broadly as all educational content (planned, realized and hidden) presents a field of study of this thesis. In this field, a new concept, education for sustainable development, should be implemented worldwide. The question is, how far and how successfully can this concept be introduced in the early education curriculum on the level of educational goals. There are many general strategies and models of curriculum revision. In order to structure the empirical study, a hierarchical model of macro-, meso- and micro level of curriculum was established. This model allows examination of two ways of education for sustainable development implementation,...
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Possibilities of Neoclassical Geopolitics: Systemic Approach
Kofroň, Jan ; Dostál, Petr (advisor) ; Ištok, Robert (referee) ; Romancov, Michael (referee)
The submitted dissertation tries to introduce neoclassical geopolitics as a viable approach to the study of international politics from geographical perspective. The dissertation is a compact of six already published articles and a common introduction highlighting main points of the articles and further discussing some issues which were (i) eliminated due to space constrains, or (ii) their significance is rather contextual, in the sense that they set the articles into broader discussions. The first part of the thesis (supported by two articles) deals with a current stage of political geography and geopolitics. The main result is that geopolitics is today a divided (sub)discipline, as geographers are mainly engaged in critical geopolitics and scholars of the International Relations continue in classical geopolitical reasoning (namely those who subscribe themselves under the label of neorealism). The main difference is that geographers consider space as an inter-subjective entity - socially constructed, whereas IR scholars tend to see space as an objective factor. In the combination with other epistemological differences, this different consideration of space has produced an exorbitant barrier between these two fields. One factor dividing the two approaches looms especially large - it is an arduous...
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Modifications of stochastic objects
Kadlec, Karel ; Štěpán, Josef (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
In this thesis, we are concerned with the modifications of the stochastic processes and the random probability measures. First chapter is devoted to modifications of the stochastic process to the space of continuous functions, modifications of submartingale to the set of right-continuous with finite left-hand limits functions and separable modifications of stochastic process. In the second chapter is the attention on the regularization of random probability measure in Markov kernel focused. In particular, we work with random probability measures on the Borel subset of the Polish space, or Radon separable topological space.
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Exponenciální řízení homogenních markovských procesů
Stanek, Pavol ; Dostál, Petr (advisor) ; Beneš, Viktor (referee)
Title: Exponential control of homogeneous Markov processes Author: Pavol Stanek Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, MFF UK Supervisor: Mgr. Peter Dostál Ph.D., Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, MFF UK Abstract: This master thesis concerns exponential control of Markov decision chains. An iterative alghorithm for finding a control, that maximizes a long term growth rate of expected utility is developed. The utility is measured by exponential utility function. The algorithm is derived for both discrete time and continuous time chain. Subsequently, the results are applied on the problem of optimally managing port- folio with proportional transaction costs. The dynamics of the investor's position is derived and the consequent process is approximated by Markov chain. Using the iterative alghorithm, the optimal trading strategy is numerically found. Keywords: exponential control, Markov chain, portfolio optimization, proportional transaction costs 1
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Cluster point processes in insurance mathematics
Veselá, Veronika ; Pawlas, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Title: Cluster point processes in insurance mathematics Author: Veronika Veselá Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: RNDr. Zbyněk Pawlas, Ph.D. Abstract: In the present work we study point processes and their importance in insurance mathematics. With the help of cluster and marked point processes we can describe a model that considers times of claim occurence and times and hei- ghts of corresponding payments. We study two specific models which can be used to predict how much money is needed for claims which happened. The first model is chain ladder in the form of Mack's model. For this model we show chain ladder estimators of development factors, estimates of their variance and their proper- ties. We try to find one-step ahead prediction and multi-step ahead prediction, which we use for calculating prediction of reserves. We shortly review asymptotic properties of the estimators in Mack's model. The second model is the Poisson cluster model. Firstly we define this model and the variables entering the model. Then we devote attention to one-step ahead and multi-step ahead prediction. We also study prediction when some variables have specific distributions. Finally, we use both methods of prediction on simulated data and compare their average relative absolute errors....
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Paradoxes in Probability Theory
Rušin, Ján ; Haman, Jiří (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
The Bachelor's thesis present an overview and description of selected probability theory paradoxes, namely the paradox of Monty Hall, the Bertrand's paradox and the St. Peterburg paradox. In every chapter the reader is at first apprised of the formulation and the essence of the paradox. Then we show some possible solutions of this paradox. In original formulation of Monty Hall paradox there exists just one solution which can be reached by using two different ways. We add also some simple modifications to this particular paradox. The formula- tion of Bertrand's paradox is ambiguous which we show by using four selected approaches. And very similar situation arises in St. Peterburg paradox which we resolve by using three different approaches. 1
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Random walk
Baňasová, Barbora ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Random walk is a well-known mathematical model used in various scientific fields. The aim of this thesis is to explain and to show the relation between the basic characteristics of simple random walk. The paper summarizes theoretical knowledge concerning this mathematical model in terms of its symmetrical or asymmetrical version. It deals with the derivation of absorbing probabilities, probability of the first and repeated return to origin and clasification of simple random walk states. The final part presents random walk in a wider perspective as a martingale. The conditions under which a random walk equals a martingale are established as well. It is also shown how it is possible to apply this more general mathematical structure on the model of random walk.
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Martingale measures and pricing of financial derivatives
Melicherčík, Martin ; Dostál, Petr (advisor) ; Haman, Jiří (referee)
Title: Martingale measures and pricing of financial derivatives Author: Martin Melicherčík Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Dostál, Ph.D., Department of Probability and Mathema- tical Statistics Abstract: The theory written in this work explains basic tools for setting justified price of financial derivatives. Jusified pricing is based on principal of balance, which means, that in advance no side has bigger chance to profit than other. Because of this characteristic, the main pricing tool in the work are martingale measures, which respect the state of balance. From the point of view of martingale measures random processes keep their constant expected value, so we can never expect them to deflect to one side or another. The important part of the work, besides basics of martingales, is Douglas theorem, which answers the question of our ability to theoretically set the justified price of any financial derivative. In the last parts, there are also some manuals and examples how to determine the justified price. Keywords: martingale, martingale pricing, Douglas theorem, predictable process 1
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