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Brain and event
Malečková, Dita ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Fulka, Josef (referee)
In my work I aspired to clarify the relationships between the vision and thinking. In the first part I was above all trying to show that the vision is not unchallenged, automatic process. Than I specify the intersection between vision and thinking and I went to the problem of motion and corporality (sensuality). In the second part I arrived to the theme of the space - with regard to the vision and thinking, as a "inscape", and I also outlined the probleme of metamorphosis of space in forms of toplological space, virtual space, or cyberspace. In the third part of my work I developed the theme of chaos and the afinity of chaos and creativity in three zones of human creativity - philosophy, art and science - on the concrete examples of three creators: philosopher (Deleuze), artist (Boudník) and scientist (Mandelbrot). In the last part I concluded with the question of connection of chaos and "brain" as the actual degree of the human knowledge, and also with the contexture of the brain and the event. And I finished with the notion of noosphere. The whole writing is based mainly on work of the french philosophers Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Teilhard de Chardin and partly also Jean-Francoise Lyotard or Paul Virilio. From the czech authors it is Michal Ajvaz or Egon Bondy.
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The ontological phenomenon of game in the work of Ladislav Klima
Schmoranz, Michal ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
In this work I have focused my thesis on the phenomenon of a game, as it seems to appear and as it finally appears in the philosophical method of Ladislav Klima. First I had to solve major troubles connected with the very specific philosophical method itself. Ladislav Klima does not bother about using his terms in any special and invariable ways. Due to that the first part of my work [Egosolismus - nástin základních pojmů I An egosolism - a sketch of the basic terms and Problém poznání I The problem of understanding] is devoted to an explanation of these terms, so that they could be used in other parts of the work - devoted to the phenomenon of time and space. In the second part I tried to find solutions to the most important stolidities, persistantly disclosed in Klima'"s philosophy. The solution of the principle of clo sed unit of Klima~ s philosophy I ha ve found in the concept of "game". After explaining the principles, on which a game can be based in Huizinga~s and Gadamer'"s philosophy, I have shown other aspects of it in Klimas work. These aspects are becoming a game and losing a position of an individua! in the world.
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Walter Benjamin's philosophy of language
Ritter, Martin ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee) ; Stromšík, Jiří (referee)
The work analyzes Walter Benjamin's philosophy oflanguage presenting it as an ontological and cognitive basis ofhis early thought (1916-1925). The investigation starts from a detailed study of an unpublished reflection On language as Such and on the Language of Man. The analysis of the text contrasts its metaphysical interpretation with its deconstructive reading opting for a hermeneutical approach. Benjamin's philosophy of language is presented as a theory in which all being is conceived as language. Benjamin not only constructs a metaphysical conception according to which all human beings express themselves to God by naming existing things, but simultaneously defines constitutive property of (all) language, namely its "immediacy", i.e. the fact that language is primarily not a medium of communication. However, the text On language describes also a (biblical) fall which causes a loss of immediacy and a rise of the multiplicity of languages. The area of (fallen) plurality of languages is investigated in the The Tas k of the Translator, which focuses on the relation and kinship of languages. This kinship is based on the fact that alllanguages want to say the same thing, namely the "pure language". The analysis of The Task of the Translator stresses the semantic and, in this sense, conceptual aspect of...
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The phenomenon of fiction
Koblížek, Tomáš ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The subject of the work is the problem of the fictionality of literary texts. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the nature of poetic language. The central thesis is that literature cannot be perceived as a set of objective attributes of a given statement but as the way utterance affects the reader, that is, as a phenomenon. This assumption allows us to define fictionality tentatively as a phenomenon or as an aspect of the phenomenon of literature. The second part introduces a critique of the theory of fictional world. The objections are concerned with the concept of the world as an aggregate of objects, characters and events, relation between the texture and the fictional world viewed as mediating representation, the concept of literary creation as a translating of extensional plane to the intensional one, and the concept of reading as the reconstruction of fictional objects. The third part suggests an answer to the problem of the fictionality. Considering Patočka's essay Učení o minulém rázu umění the phenomenon of literature is defined as the flowing of objective component of experience into the non-objective one. The fictional object is thus conceived as the vanishing object in the sense of its becoming the non-object.
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The Multiplicity of Being: The Ontology of Alain Badiou
Pivoda, Tomáš ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kouba, Petr (referee) ; Pechar, Jiří (referee)
Tomáš Pivoda, The Multiplicity of Being: The Ontology of Alain Badiou PhD thesis Abstract The thesis introduces for the first time in the Czech philosophical context the ontology of the French philosopher Alain Badiou, as he set it out in his fundamental work Being and Event (L'être et l'événement, 1988). It first presents the starting point of Badiou's philosophy as well as the reasons of his identification of ontology with the set theory, and it points out Badiou's importance for contemporary philosophy, especially for the so called speculative realism around Quentin Meillassoux. The main axis of the exposition is then built around Badiou's four fundamental "Ideas": the multiplicity, the event, the truths and the subject, in connection with which it is shown how Badiou constructs his conceptual apparatus out of individual axioms of the set theory, whereby he follows the basic formal definition of multiplicity based on the operator . In connection with∈ the first Idea of multiplicity, the thesis exposes - with references to Martin Heidegger and Plato - Badiou's conceptual transposition of the couple one/multiple on the couple existence/being and defines the fundamental concepts of his ontology - the situation, the presentation, the representation and the void, with the help of which Badiou interprets...
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Thomas Bernhard: To think
Foltinová, Daniela ; Thein, Karel (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
In the thesis it is being dealt with the philosophical aspect of Thomas Bernhard's novels, concerning the problem of thinking. The interpretation that is gained through the thorough analysis of the novels Gehen, Holzfällen and Alte Meister shows that although there is no argumental clearness in what Bernhard is writing, original philosophical thoughts are developed. There are three interpretations of thinking in the thesis. In the first we reveal thinking as a "state of chaos" revolving itself in the mind of a madman. Second interpretation, as an outcome of reconsidering the first one, leads to the concept of reflective thinking of an observer. In the first and second interpretation we only find the negative thinking as not-thinking. Only in the third interpretation we meet the "real thinker", a storyteller who motivates us to consider thinking as an activity that necessarilly involves the process of it's actual happening, if to be acknowledged as a "real thinking". This leads to the search for the thinking in the literary form of Bernhard's novels.
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Lévi-Strauss' concept of myth
Borovanská, Johana ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kouba, Petr (referee)
Tato práce je věnovaná rozboru pojetí mýtu Clauda Lévi-Strausse. Mýtus má v rámci jeho myšlení výsadní postavení, neboť v mýtickém systému se nám vyjevuje struktura myšlení. Mýtus zprostředkovává rozpory, protiklady, což je zásadní funkcí lidské mysli, resp. jejího univerzálního, nevědomého základu, z nějž mýty vyvěrají. Právě proto, že je mysl v Lévi-Straussově pojetí univerzální a mýty jsou jejím produktem, umožňuje mu to provádět analýzy mýtů napříč kulturami a pokládat je za varianty téhož mýtu. Chceme-li nahlédnout univerzální strukturu lidské mysli, je zkoumání mýtů, v nichž se zračí principy jejího fungování, jednou z nejlepších cest. Proto bude v této práci největší prostor věnován Lévi-Straussovu postupu analýzy mýtu a jeho charakteristice (ve vztahu k jazyku a hudbě). Tento krok je nezbytný, chceme-li nahlédnout zmíněný vztah mýtu a lidské mysli. Zvolený postup této práce je tedy následující: na samém počátku je poměrně dostatek prostoru věnován rozboru některých zásadních témat z lingvistiky Ferdinanda de Saussura (s přihlédnutím k Romanu Jakobsonovi v otázce fonému). Tento průzkum v oblasti lingvistiky je nezbytný, neboť lingvistika je jednou z hlavních oblastí, jíž se Lévi-Strauss ve své analýze mýtů inspiruje. Pokusím se poukázat na shodné momenty, ale zejména také na sporné body v...
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Interpretative Semantics as a Contribution to Reception of a Literary Text
Koblížek, Tomáš ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Voldřichová - Beránková, Eva (referee) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with the project of interpretative semantics as it has been developed by the French linguist François Rastier. The aim of the thesis is twofold: Firstly, to introduce and to further elaborate on the principles of this theory. Secondly, to point out possible benefits of Rastier's project for interpretation and analysis of literary texts. The key issue which characterizes the Rastier's semantics and which also represents the main axis of the present thesis can be put forward as follows. On one hand, the interpretative semantics grasps the text as a linguistic object which is open to various formal arrangements and to various articulations of semantic units. On the other hand, each text in its linguistic and non-linguistic context receives a particular shape and particular meaning. This general issue is discussed in detail in four mutually bound chapters where it is also applied on literary texts: (1) The first chapter deals with the notion of isotopy as the main textual principle. From the perspective of this concept a text cannot be grasped as a "big sentence" with an apriori determined syntax. Textuality rather resides in relationships between iterated (isotopic) elements which can be detected in the particular text on different linguistic levels (morphemes, lexies, sentences)....
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The term "discourse" in Foucault's work
Vácha, Ondřej ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Bachelor Degree Thesis "The Term 'Discourse' in Foucault's work" focuses on elaboration of basic questions connected with Foucault's theory of discourses. It questions, whether the project is self-refuting or not and what are the main goals of the project. An analysis of R.Rorty's text "Foucault and epistemology" introduces the question what is the relation between classical epistemological tradition and Foucault's archaeology. For elaboration of this question the thesis analyses Foucault's text called "The Order of Discourse" and mainly "The Archaeology of knowledge". It concludes that Foucault's theory at it's roots enables to use the term "discourse" in such a wide significance, that Foucault can use the term as the base for a narrow interconnection of epistemology and political philosophy.
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