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French Lexical Borrowings in Conterporary Bulgarian Language
Georgievová, Jana ; Gladkova, Hana (advisor) ; Nisheva Nikolova, Bozhana (referee)
This Bachelor thesis is focused on lexical items of French origin in contemporary Bulgarian language. These items are being analyzed lexically, phonetically, morphologically and semantically, this analysis shows their adaptation and assimilation process into the Bulgarian language system. Historical, social and cultural causes of French lexical borrowings in Bulgarian are part of the research as well. Language material of the research is based on the Bulgarian dictionary of foreign words (Пернишка, Е. и кол. Речник на чуждите думи в българския език.Наука и изкуство, София 2007).
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Elucidating the interactions of interleukin-1alpha with components of the eukaryotic transcription machinery
Zámostná, Blanka ; Pospíšek, Martin (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee) ; Mělková, Zora (referee)
4 ABSTRACT Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a pleiotropic cytokine and a key mediator of host immune response. It is synthesised as a 31-kDa precursor, that is cleaved by the cysteine protease calpain into the 17-kDa mature IL-1α and the 16-kDa N- terminal peptide of IL-1α (IL-1αNTP). Although IL-1α can be secreted, act on target cells through the surface receptor IL-1RI and trigger the signal transduction pathway, increasing evidence points toward the involvement of IL-1α in certain nuclear processes. IL-1αNTP is highly conserved among higher eukaryotes and contains a nuclear localisation sequence; indeed, both the precursor and IL-1αNTP are found in the cell nucleus. Previously, a genetic interaction of IL-1α with nuclear histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes has been reported from mammalian cells and, interestingly, also from the heterologous yeast model. This thesis extends the research of the nuclear function of IL-1α and demonstrates that IL-1α physically associates with the HAT/Core module of yeast SAGA and ADA HAT complexes. Results of the HAT subunit gene knock-out experiments followed by a set of co-immunoprecipitations also suggest a novel model of the yeast SAGA complex assembly, in which ADA appears to represent only a partly functional HAT complex. In its natural milieu of mammalian cells, IL-1α...
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Characterization of the HelD protein from Bacillus subtilis
Sudzinová, Petra ; Krásný, Libor (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
BACKGROUND: Bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is an extensively studied enzyme required for gene expression. In our Laboratory we found a new protein named HelD. HelD copurifies with B. subtilis RNAP. HelD is a ~90 kDa protein from the UvrD/Rep helicase family, which contains protein with the 3'-5' DNA unwinding activity. The molecular role(s) HelD in cell are still unknown and its potential role in transcription has not been studied so far. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this Diploma project was to describe HelD. APPROACHES: The characterization was carried out on three levels: (i) bioinformatics analysis in silico was used to identify HelD homologs in other bacteria; (ii) growth tests in vivo were used to determine the phenotype(s) of the HelD-null mutant strain compared to wt; and (iii) biochemical experiments in vitro were utilized to describe the effects of HelD on transcription, and to test whether HelD has DNA binding and DNA unwinding activities. RESULTS: The in silico analysis revealed that HelD is present in Firmicutes, an industrially and medicinally important group of G+ bacteria. The phenotypic experiments showed that HelD is required for rapid adaptations to nutritional changes in the environment. The biochemical experiments showed that HelD stimulates transcription despite the fact that it...
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Characterization of transcription apparatus encoded by the linear plasmids of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis
Sýkora, Michal ; Vopálenský, Václav (advisor) ; Krásný, Libor (referee)
Transcription is an essential step in the expression of genetic information. This process depends on protein complex of multisubunit RNA polymerases that are exceptionally conserved among all cellular organisms. These enzymes together with eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases involved in gene silencing form a monophyletic protein family whose members contain two double-ψ β-barrel structural motifs in their active center. This family also includes a group of mainly in silico predicted non-canonical DNA-dependent RNA polymerases which differ from multisubunit RNA polymerases in reduced composition. Putative non-canonical RNA polymerase consisting of two subunits is also encoded by cytoplasmic linear plasmids of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and highly likely transcribes genes of these plasmids. Characterization of a unique transcription machinery of Kluyveromyces lactis plasmids with major emphasis on non-canonical RNA polymerase has become the aim of this work. Bioinformatic analysis in silico was used to examine the evidence leading to an assumption of existence of specific RNA polymerase. Subsequent genetic and biochemical methods were used for: 1) production of putative RNA polymerase subunits in several expression systems; 2) testing interaction between several components of transcription...
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Preparation of 19th century poetry for publishing (case study)
Novotná, Anna ; Šebesta, Karel (advisor) ; Andrlová Fidlerová, Alena (referee)
This thesis deals with 19th century Czech poetry editing. It outlines, among other things, the historical and social conditions of literature edition of this era and strives to point out all that could have affected the situation of the time and that could have subsequently been the cause of certain editing alterations. The author also tries to think of what a 19th century editor needed to know and consider; what mistakes could have been caused by human factor and/or the author's or external influences. On an example of a short poem from the first half of the 19th century, the thesis attempts to point out the proper and improper alterations together with their necessity or voluntariness.
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Nuclear dynamics and interactions of myosin 1c
Dzijak, Rastislav ; Hozák, Pavel (advisor) ; Hašek, Jiří (referee) ; Kaňka, Jiří (referee)
1. ABSTRACT Myosins are proteins that convert chemical energy stored in ATP into mechanical force that is applied on an actin filament. Nuclear myosin 1 (NM1) was the first myosin detected in the cell nucleus. Together with nuclear actin they were shown to play important roles in DNA transcription and chromatin remodeling. However, the molecular details of the NM1 functions are largely unknown. To expand our knowledge about this molecular motor we studied tissue expression, mechanism of nuclear localization and molecular interactions of this myosin motor. In the first part we examined the expression pattern of NM1 in various mouse tissues. We demonstrated that NM1 is present in cell nuclei of all mouse tissues examined except for cells in terminal stages of spermatogenesis. Quantitative PCR and western blots demonstrated that the expression of NM1 in tissues varies, with the highest levels in the lungs. NM1 is a nuclear isoform of earlier identified myosin 1c (Myo1c), which was described initially as a cytosolic, and plasma membrane associated protein. The only known difference between these two proteins was the presence of additional 16 amino acids at the N-terminus of NM1. Next we focused on the influence of NM1 domains, including the N-terminus, on the subcellular localization of this protein. We found...
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Transcriptional regulation of PIN4 protein, membrane transporter of plant hormone auxin.
Hurný, Andrej ; Petrášek, Jan (advisor) ; Holá, Dana (referee)
PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are plant-specific secondary transporters acting in the efflux of plant signaling molecule auxin from cells. Their asymmetrical localization within cells determines the directionality of auxin flow and thereby influences plant development. The activity of PIN proteins is regulated at multiple levels; however the primary step in the regulation of PIN proteins takes place at the level of gene transcription. Therefore the main focus of this diploma thesis is the characterization of the transcriptional regulation of PIN proteins, namely PIN4 protein. The observation of plants carrying transcriptional fusion consisting of various lengths of PIN4 promoter and green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed which part of PIN4 promoter is essential for binding transcription factors and for the start of transcription. This part of PIN4 promoter was used as bait for transcription factors in yeast one hybrid screens. Altogether, 24 transcription factors were identified in which the most numerous were transcription factors from GATA and APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) families. To verify the interactions between identified transcription factors and PIN4 promoter, the protoplast transient expression assay was used. Protoplasts isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and tobacco BY-2 cell...
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Promoter-terminator interactions in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcription
Petr, Martin ; Hozák, Pavel (advisor) ; Vaňková Hausnerová, Viola (referee)
Gene loops are chromatin structures formed by juxtaposition of distal genomic regions. Since these regions are often involved in transcription cycle control, gene loops therefore provide another mechanism of regulation of gene expression. This thesis summarizes recent findings about gene loops, focusing specifically on loops formed by interactions between promoter and terminator regions of genes transcribed by the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. Different cases of gene loops discovered in several yeast genes, the mammalian BRCA1 tumor suppressor and the HIV-1 integrated provirus are described, including mechanisms that possibly lead to the formation of these structures. Since gene loops and interactions between promoter and terminator in yeast have been linked to the transcriptional memory, their involvement in this phenomenon is discussed. Finally, as BRCA1 and HIV-1 are directly linked to serious human diseases, the potential significance of alterations of gene loops in the development of various pathological conditions is presented. Keywords: gene loops, chromatin loops, chromatin conformation, transcriptional memory, transcription, gene expression, regulation
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