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Immunities of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction
Stachová, Lenka ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Lipovský, Milan (referee)
This thesis deals with immunities of state officials, from the high-ranking to less significant ones, from the criminal jurisdiction of a foreign state, and thus the question, if another state may exercise its jurisdiction over crimes perpetrated by state officials when the foreign state has power to punish such a crime. International law traditionally provides the highest protection to the head of state, but later evolved also the personal immunity of other senior officials, who act on the international level, that is head of government and minister for foreign affairs. In contrast to personal immunity, functional immunity protects all state officials, who perform an official act. The first chapter addresses the terms. It describes the terms immunity, its types and basic characteristics; the notion of state officials and foreign criminal jurisdiction. The second chapter engages in personal immunity (immunity ratione personae), its subjective, objective and temporal scope. The third chapter sheds light on the second type of immunity - the functional immunity (ratione materiae), apart from its scopes there are exceptions to functional immunity discussed. The fourth chapter provides with an overview of some significant cases connected to immunities of state officials. In the first subchapter you can...
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The immunostimulatory agents
KOUDELKA, Radim
This bachelor thesis is focused on the immune system and the factors that affect its function. These factors and agents are then divided into the ones positively or negatively influencing our immune system. This paper provides a list of the most effective natural and pharmaceutical resources. Each chapter discusses how a given resource or activity affects our immunity, pertinently what impact it has when our immune system lacks one of these. Relevant literature on the issue of immunity and the possibility of its strengthening was used.
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Secondary sexual ornaments and ectoparasites in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)
Wichová, Eliška ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
Parasites could represent an important evolutionary driver and play an important role in a sexual selection. In the mate selection process, females use secondary sexual ornaments, which may reflect the parasite load and health condition of males. Females would benefit from choosing males with the most extravagant sexual characters, which indicate low levels of parasite infestation. A popular model species for sexual selection study is the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). However there are no recent studies investigating the relationship between the level of the ectoparasitic infestation and the ornamentation of the barn swallow. Results of this thesis, based on analysis of ectoparasite load in 204 individuals show, that the level of infestation by feather mites is positively correlated with outermost tail feathers and the intensity of feather holes is negatively correlated with a breast coloration. The relationship between the abundance of ectoparasites and white tail spots was not found. The effect of ectoparasites on the survival of individuals or the nest initiation date was not observed. A possitive relationship between the individual seasonal change in feather mites infestation and brood size was detected. This implies a potential trade-off between the investments into parental care and defence...
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Alergens in the Teaching of Natural Science, Biology and Chemistry
Kaufmanová, Lucie ; Skýbová, Jana (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
The theme of the diploma thesis is allergens in the teaching of natural science, biology and chemistry. The subject and its aim is to find out the presence of allergens in selected classes of natural sciences (natural sciences, biology, chemistry) as well as the level of awareness of problems of allergies and allergens from teachers and pupils of elementary schools and grammar schools and to compare whether teachers of selected subjects take into account Creating climate climate for allergic pupils. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. The first part summarizes all theoretical knowledge, including the theme of allergies and allergens. It deals with the concept of allergy from the historical point of view, it characterizes the general importance of allergies and its connection with the immune system, it presents individual risk factors influencing the origin and development of allergic disease. A large part of the theoretical part describes allergic diseases including their manifestations, diagnosis and follow-up treatment, and also the individual types of allergens that are classified according to their effects on the organism. Last but not least, the chapter deals with the presence of allergens in the school environment. Also in this part the pedagogical documents - RVP and ŠVP...
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Physiological adaptations associated with body size and longevity in endothermic vertebrates
Pazdera, Lukáš ; Tomášek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Blažek, Radim (referee)
Abstact Lifespan is related to a number of physiological processes that are interconnected. Longevous species are assumed to have evolved certain physiological adaptations that slow down ageing rate and enable long lifespan. The aim of my thesis was to review physiological traits that has been hypothesised to be associated with lifespan, and to evaluate the empirical support for such hypotheses. Studies testing the association of these traits with body size has also been included in my thesis, as body size is known to be tightly related to lifespan. Traits that are reviewed in my thesis due to their hypothesised coevolution with lifespan are as follows: metabolic rate (i.e., a total amount of energy expended by the organism per unit of body mass and unit of time), oxidative stress resistance, telomere length and rate of telomere shortening and intensity of stress and immune responses. Key words: Lifespan, longevity, survival, reproduction, oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, metabnolic rate, immunity, antioxidants
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Exosomes, their biogenesis, composition and role
Hyka, Lukáš ; Forstová, Jitka (advisor) ; Motlová, Lucia (referee)
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are distinguishable from other extracellular vesicles by their endosomal origin and their typical cup-shaped morphology. The biogenesis of exosomes begins in the early endosomes by inward budding. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport sorts ubiquitinylated proteins into the vesicles. The small volume of cytosol is also encapsulated during budding. These vesicles are called intraluminal vesicles and the whole body is called multivesicular body. Multivesicular body fuses with the plasma membrane and vesicles are released as exosomes into the extracellular space. Exosomes are present in all bodily fluids and are secreted by a high number of cells. Exosomes present antigens on their surface to trigger immunity or serve in the cellular communication by the transfer of small RNAs.
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Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Immunotoxicity
Lehutová, Daniela ; Vannucci, Luca Ernesto (advisor) ; Grobárová, Valéria (referee)
Nanočastice sú submikroskopické štruktúry vyhotovené z rôznych materiálov s obrovským terapeutickým potenciálom. Rovnako predstavujú nový nástroj pre lepšie cielenie a podávanie liečiv do jednotlivých tkanív. Bolo vynaložených mnoho pokusov pre vyvinutie terapeutík, ktoré budú lepšie kompatibilné v organizme a zároveň by zlepšili účinnosť moderných liekov. Na rozdiel od bežne používaných spôsobov pre podávanie liečiv, enkapsulovaná forma predstavuje obrovskú výhodu pri znižovaní vedľajších účinkov oproti bežne používaných liekoch. V tejto práci sú porovnávané výhody použitia nanočastíc spolu s ich možným rizikom, najmä na ich munitný systém. Vzhľadom k tomu, že toxicita sa líši v závislosti na chemicko fyzikálnych vlastnostiach a tkanivách, v ktorých sa akumulovali, musí byť zvolená vhodná stratégia, aby sa predišlo možných nežiaducim účinkom. Z tohto dôvodu je potrebné zvážiť preventívne opatrenia a správne upraviť dané nanočástice predtým, než budú použité v organizme, rovnako ako spôsobená odpoveď organizmu a jej dôsledok musia byť vhodne monitorované. Zvýšená pozornosť musí byť venovaná príprave nanočastíc, aby sa predišlo prípadnej kontaminácii a nebezpečenstvu pre laboratórny personál. Kľúčové slová nanočástice, podávanie liečiv, imunita, toxicita, teranostika
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Immunities of State Officials from foreign Criminal Jurisdiction
Kosík, Jiří ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Bílková, Veronika (referee)
This Thesis deals with the Immunities of State officials, which arise under International law, from foreign criminal jurisdiction. The first goal of this thesis is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases can one sovereign State exercise its criminal jurisdiction over an official of another sovereign State. The second goal, closely attached to the first finding, is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases would such officials be protected and covered by the immunity and in which cases such immunity applies. The main task of this thesis is to analyse the current state of the application of immunities of State officials within the foreign criminal jurisdiction. These immunities are with regard to their different purpose and functions recognized in two diverse types - immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae. The first chapter put emphasis on the criminal jurisdiction of foreign State in general and on its extraterritorial forms in particular. The exercise of such jurisdiction in some cases enables to prosecute and punish an official of a foreign State, who happens to be a criminal. The second chapter focuses on the concept of individual criminal responsibility and possible punishment of the criminal. The third chapter...
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Interaction between gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system: Mechanisms and pathology
Dušková, Petra ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
This work summarizes relevant information about bacterial ecosystem of human intestine with an emphasis on microbiome-host communication. I describe physiological mechanisms influencing so as distant as the intestine and the brain. Neuropsychiatrical and neurodevelopmental disorders, especially autism, are used as a model. Human gut microbiome influences function and development of the brain in many ways. The intestinal barrier permeability increases and decreases by the consequences of microbes contact with epithelium. Many bacterial species produce neuroactive molecules, neurotransmiters, their precursors and fatty acids. These molecules enter the bloodstream depending on intestinal barrier tightness. Disruption of microecosystem and host communication may cause pathological inflammations and increase cytokine production. Cytokines are able to weaken the blood-brain barrier and enable penetration of potentially harmful substances into the brain. The main goal of this bachelor thesis is to summarize and logically organise current information and point out important questions about the relations between the microbiome composition and mental health. In conclusion, bacterial microbiome influences brain functions in health and disease. Ecological destabilisation of microbiome is one of the factors...
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"New Development in Institution of Legal Immunity".
Břečková, Kateřina ; Syllová, Jindřiška (advisor) ; Kudrna, Jan (referee)
This thesis is focused on legal institute of immunity in Czech system of law. It deals especially with the legislative development in institute of immunity and contemporary legislation, but it is focused on judicial practice as well. The aim of this thesis is to present some controversial issues, which appears within the application of immunity and to analyse the judicial practice of the Czech courts. This thesis is composed of introduction, four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is theoretical and tries to define the institute of immunity according to the legal theory. This chapter introduces the origin of the institute of immunity and its differentiation at the same time. The essential part of this thesis is the second chapter, which concerns with the parliamentary immunity, and is divided into five subchapters. The subchapter 2.1. deals with the legislative development of the parliamentary immunity and presents all the bills. The aim of these bills was to regulate, particularly to narrow the parliamentary immunity. In the subchapter 2.2. is analysed new concept of indemnity, specifically concept of recourse, vote, body of the Assembly of Deputies or Senate and speech, with regard to judicial practice of the Czech courts. The subchapter 2.3. provides the transgressional immunity of...
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