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The role of estrogen receptors in prognosis and therapy outcome of breast cancer
Kloudová, Alžběta ; Souček, Pavel (advisor) ; Dračínská, Helena (referee)
Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of nuclear receptor family, which mediate distinct physiological functions after binding a steroid ligand. Apart from that they play a role in many diseases including breast cancer. ER is among proteins routinely evaluated in clinical practice and on the basis of ER expression, patients are treated by endocrine therapy. There are different opinions of the role of ER in cancer cells, but in the future, detection of ER and treatment by ER- and ER-selective ligands could contribute to improvement of cancer therapy. Isoforms, mutations and posttranslational modifications of ER present other important factors, which can influence estrogen signalization and endocrine therapy efficiency and deciphering of their importance for cancer cells could bring better understanding of ER signalization and improvement of the therapy.
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Activities of NGOs in the Care of Patients Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
Pecháčková, Tereza ; Křížová, Eva (advisor) ; Pospíšilová, Tereza (referee)
This dissertation is focused on medical care field, introduces common issues of oncology illnesses. Presents the system and particularity of women's breast cancer care and looks into patient's rights and importace of foreknowledge. Also presents activities of non-state nonprofit organization focused on this sphere. The aim of this dissertation is to map involved organizations and analysis of their work. Investigates foreknowledge of patients about knowing of them and also finds topics of their intersect. Key words oncology diagnosis, breast cancer, patients organizations, prevention, second opinion, health service, non-profit non-govermental organizations, information asymmetry, mammography screening, informační asymetrie, mamografický screening
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Effect of health exercises and swimming for women after breast cancer
Kinštová, Tereza ; Hráský, Pavel (advisor) ; Skalská, Marie (referee)
Effect of health exercises and swimming for women after breast cancer Abstract Defining the problem: The theoretical part of the thesis will be devoted to course of illness and subsequent convalescence of women with breast cancer. We will give a list of suitable health exercises that are applicable in the gym and at home. The next part will be devoted to the benefits of the movement program in the water. We will focus on swimming stroke breaststroke and backstroke. The practical part will contain the data from the input diagnosis before the application motion program, the program and the output diagnosis after four months of movement intervention. Objective: The aim of this work is to create movement program for improvement of locomotive system women after breast ablation, which is composed of the health exercises applicable in the gym and in the water. Method of solution: Probands undergo the entry diagnostic, which is comprised from anthropometry, goniometry and interview about their day's physical activities. Output diagnosis is ensues after four months of movement intervention and it is same as the input diagnosis. The resulting values will be compared. Results: We found that motion intervention we have chosen is after breast ablation akcepted by women and is friendly for them. The application of the...
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Extracellular microRNAs and their role in pathologies especially in the field of gynecology and obstetrics.
Štěrbová, Monika ; Hromadníková, Ilona (advisor) ; Balušíková, Kamila (referee)
microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a relatively newly discovered group of RNA molecules and they serve to regulate gene expression. In spite of processes of differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, miRNAs influence the whole biological systems, such as embryogenesis, oncogenesis, and immunity. There have been a number of experiments in recent years concerning diagnoses and predictions of complications during pregnancy, and tumour growth. Extracellular miRNA molecules participating in circulation of patients are used in the non-invasive diagnostics. RNA molecules usually get into the extracellular fluid during the apoptosis process. I chose four diseases, which extracellular miRNA have diagnostic potential - preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, gestational diabetes mellitus and breast cancer - for my work. An aberrant expression of different levels of various extracellular miRNAs has been reported in these diseases but the clinical use of microRNAs in the diagnosis and prediction of those still requires further research and optimization. Keywords: breast cancer, extracellular nucleic acids, fetal growth retardation, gestational diabetes mellitus, microRNA, PCR, preeclampsia
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The role of erbB-2 oncogene in the biology of cancer stem-like cells
Prokopová, Kateřina ; Neužil, Jiří (advisor) ; Anděra, Ladislav (referee)
Recent studies indicate the existence of a subpopulation of cells within tumours with stem cell-like characteristics. These "cancer stem-like cells" (CSCs) are relatively resistant to established therapies, usually targeting differentiated and fast proliferating cells. Therefore, CSCs may be a reason for the relapse of neoplastic diseases. CSCs can be characterised by a specific gene expression profile and deregulated signalling pathways. Of these, upregulation of the erbB-2 (HER2) receptor, a hallmark of ~25-30% breast cancer patients, is related to dismal prognosis, elevated proliferation potential and resistance to chemotherapy. Recent evidence has suggested that upregulation of erbB-2 leads to increase in the pool of CSCs. In our study we used mammospheres, cells grown in the absence of serum, an in vitro model of breast CSCs, which were prepared by "weaning" breast cancer MCF7 cells to a special medium. These cells were CD44high and showed increased expression of ABCG-2, Sox-2, Vimentin as well as high levels of erbB-2. Next, we prepared a stable line of MCF7 cells with low levels of erbB-2 by shRNA. ErbB-2low cells were characterised for expression of set of CSCs markers and tested for tumour forming efficacy in nude mice using ultrasound imaging. Keywords Cancer stem-like cells, erbB-2,...
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Analysis of mortality from breast cancer in selected European countries
Rathouská, Michaela ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee) ; Burcin, Boris (advisor)
Analysis of mortality from breast cancer in selected European countries Malignant neoplasms are in most European countries the second most common cause of death. The aim of this work is to describe the evolution of mortality of women which is caused by breast cancer. It describes this evolution in the years of 1980-2007 in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and Sweden. Development of mortality is set into the broader connections with a mortality rate of more frequent causes of death and certain other neoplasms in women. Work analyzes mortality by age, the incidence, and it also shows screening programs and international comparisons. Part of this work also deals with risk factors, prevention and treatment options. In all analyzed countries in analyzed period there have been decline of mortality from neoplasm, while the incidence increased. There was a shift of mortality to higher age , particularly in relation to improving health care and its increasing availability. The incidence was observed moving from the oldest to the younger age group, especially in due to introduction of the national mammography screening.
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Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer in women
WEISSOVÁ, Veronika
Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in female population in the Czech Republic. In 2002 the Czech Republic joined most European countries and launched nation-wide mammography screening, enabling women to attend regular preventive examinations when they reach 45 years of age. In January 2014 they started to address women to invite them for preventive breast cancer examinations, as part of a nationwide information campaign. Mortality of this cancer has been decreasing in recent years, which can be explained by the increasing quality of treatment and earlier detection of the disease. Therefore, knowledge of primary and secondary prevention is very important. The theoretical part briefly describes the anatomy of female breasts, defines a malignant tumor, as well as epidemiological aspects of breast cancer. Another chapter is about prevention itself. In the secondary prevention I describe self-examination of breasts and the history and nature of mammography screening. I also present organizations implementing preventive programs aimed at breast cancer. The practical part includes research results, which were obtained through quantitative research questionnaires. The research group consisted of women who live in the Ústí region. The questionnaire consisted of 27 questions and was answered by a group of 150 women between 18 and 44 years old and 150 women over 45 years. I handed out these questionnaires in Ústí healthcare center and I also created an electronic questionnaire which I sent across social networks. Out of the 150 (100 %) questionnaires distributed in Ústí healthcare center, I got only 60 back and 58 of them were sufficiently completed for the needs of the research, the return was only 38.7 %. I received the remaining 242 questionnaires electronically. The aim of the study was to explore the awareness of risk factors of breast cancer of women in the Ústí Region and also to find out whether women in the Ústí region carried out self-examination of breasts and if women over 45 attended regular mammography screening. Based on my research aim I set out four hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: Women in the Ústí region are informed about the risk factors of breast cancer. Hypothesis 2: Women at the age of 18 to 44 in the Usti region are more informed about the risk factors of breast cancer than women in the age group over 45. Hypothesis 3: The difference in the frequency of breast self-examination among women in the age group 18 to 44 is statistically more significant than in women in the over 45 age group. Hypothesis 4: Attending mammography examination of women over 45 in the Ústí region rises according to their level of education. The results of testing my hypotheses show that women in the Ústí region are not informed about the risk factors of breast cancer. I assumed that awareness is higher among women in the 18 to 44 age group, but even this hypothesis wasn't proven. Awareness of risk factors is on the same level in category of 18 to 44 years as in women over 45 years of age. Regarding breast self-examination, women in the above 45 years old age group carry out self-examination more often than women 18 to 44 years old. Even the last hypothesis was not confirmed, attendance of mammography doesn't appear to depend on the education of women. Awareness of women needs to increase, especially in case of risk factors of breast cancer. Awareness increase could be achieved by greater information campaign on television, in newspapers, in businesses with high numbers of working women, or in secondary and higher education through various public lectures. Over 90% of women attend Mammography screening according to my research, which are laudable results. The fact that the actual self-examination of breasts isn't carried out at all by more than half of the women in the age group 18 to 44 is serious. This work could serve as teaching or study material to improve general knowledge of this topic.
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EFFECTIVITY OF SCREENING PROGRAMS OF NEOPLASMS IN CZECH REPUBLIC
Valášková, Veronika ; Pechholdová, Markéta (advisor) ; Nývlt, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the national screening programs for cancer diagnosis. The goal of this thesis is to find a proper way how to evaluate the effectivity of screening programs as well as their influence on the intensity of mortality from certain types of cancer. For the purpose of finding out necessary information were used data related to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, a diagnosis of cervical cancer and breast cancer in the population of the Czech Republic between 1977 - 2011. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the topic and contains the description of the main goals. The second chapter defines terms that are crucial for this thesis. The third chapter is devoted to data sources and institutions that collect different types of data and health statistics. The next chapter deals with the epidemiology of all described types of cancer and also provide information on risk factors and symptoms of the disease. The fifth chapter looks back at trends in mortality and incidence of the most common malignant tumors in the Czech Republic. The sixth chapter describes planning and implementation of screening processes. The seventh history of screening programs in the Czech Republic. The eighth chapter deals with the rules and regulations of the EU Council and the World Health Organization. The ninth chapter represents the final assessment of Czech screening programs, compared both to the WHO guidelines and the results in the world. The last chapter is including description of mortality and their reaction on screening programs. Text describes even comparison with two other European countries (Germany, France).
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Awareness of women about nutrition problems such as breast cancer prevention
STAŇKOVÁ, Denisa
This thesis focuses on the awareness of women of the nutrition issue as the prevention of breast cancer. The aim of this thesis is to find out whether the women have enough information about nutrition and life style as the prevention of breast carcinoma, where they look for information, if they are interested in this issue and whether they consume food that could work as the prevention. Another goal is to detect possible differences in the attitude to the prevention between women without the potential risk and women with the increased risk, i.e. women over 45. Research questions were determined as follows: "What is the knowledge of women about the issues of nutrition as the prevention of breast cancer?", "What is the proportion of the food that has preventive effect on the rise of breast carcinoma and, on the contrary, the food that supports the tumour growth in the eating habits of women?", "Where do women get information on this issue?", "What is the difference in awareness and consumption of food between women without the potential risk and women with the increased risk, i.e. over 45. The thesis is divided into two parts, a theoretical and a practical one. In the theoretical part I focus on the breast anatomy, basic information on breast cancer and risk factors that are divided into influenceble ones and non-influenceble ones. In the most extensive part of my thesis focuses on the influenceble factors, that is nutrition and life style. I focus especially on nutriments, food and other life style factors that are most connected with breast cancer and have antitumour effects or, conversely, support the tumour growth. The practical part was made by means of a questionnaire which I placed on the Internet and handed out in the waiting room at the general practitioner. The questionnaire was anonymous with 34 questions of a closed and semi-enclosed type. Questions concerned nutrition and life style in relation to the risk of breast cancer and were devised to answer previously defined research questions. The questionnaire survey took place in January and February 2013. I acquired 105 filled in questionnaires from which I randomly chose 86 to obtain two numerously equal groups of women without the potential risk and with the increased risk, i.e. over 45. The result of the research part is that women do not have much information on the life style in connection with the breast cancer. Some respondents, while selecting food with preventive effect, were only guessing and often also marked food which was not related to the breast carcinoma at all. About one third of the respondents even believe that nutrition and other factors are not related to this disease at all. One third of the respondents also stated that they had no interest in learning more information on this issue. Women that have some information usually get it from the magazines and from the Internet. In terms of eating habits, the food of most respondents does not reach the needed quantity to have preventive effects. On the other hand, the food and drinks that support tumour growth do not occur on the menu of the respondents very often. While comparing answers of the women younger 45 and the older group of respondents, it was found out that the younger respondents showed greater unawareness of this issue. No significant differences were recorded in other questions. The results of the survey are graphically processed and evaluated in the final part of this thesis. I suppose this thesis is the contribution to clarifying the current situation of this issue. I believe that the topic of my thesis is up-to-date and that I managed to summarize the most significant information regarding this topic and fulfil the aims I set down. I would be very glad if my work led to the contemplation of this issue and subsequently to a more extensive propagation of the breast cancer prevention.
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The importance of CSR in direct selling
Zoulová, Sabina ; Křečková Kroupová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Mokrejšová, Veronika (referee)
The work deals with the importance of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in direct selling. The theoretical part characterises direct selling as a whole. It focuses on multilevel marketing, which is the most frequently used form of direct selling. Next it mentions characteristic features that help us disclose illegal systems. These systems just pose as multilevel marketing. This part also comprises statistics that provide an overview of the position of direct selling in the market. In large part it deals with consumer protection. To a certain extent, consumer protection might be guaranteed through CSR, the Code of ethics and a company's memberhip in direct selling associations. The practical part includes a case study. The subject of the study is the largest direct selling company -- Avon Product. The main goal of the work is to prove/disprove following hypothesisses: "While doing the shopping, customers give priority to other factors rather than CSR" and "While looking for a job, people (distributors) give priority to other factors rather than CSR". The hypothesisses will be evaluated on the basis of questionnaire survey, which has a quantitative and qualitative part.
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