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Overview Copulation Strategies of European Butterflies
Baráková, Kristýna ; Vrabec, Vladimír (advisor) ; Bubová, Terezie (referee)
Daily butterflies are a very varied and diverse group of the animal kingdom. They are insects with complete metamorphosis and a complex life cycle. Different stages of the development cycle are well known and studied. However, when it comes to the reproduction biology of daily butterflies, there are still a lot of question marks. This is why we decided to compile available information on reproduction strategies of European daily butterflies. This information was gathered by the means of strategically chosen keywords in scientific databases Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Google Scholar. Based on these sources I compiled general information on reproduction behaviour of butterflies related to the complex processes before copulation, more concretely the mating and selection behaviour of daily butterflies. Consequently I describe concretely the copulation process, where I concentrate mainly on data on the progression of copulation, i.e. duration, minimum age or possible repeated copulation. I also explain general terms connected to copulation, such as paternity or protandry. The following part of the thesis concentrates specifically on copulation strategies of European daily butterflies. For the majority of butterflies I gathered data on mating strategies before copulation, specifically on how males search for females. Furthermore, for som e butterflies I add comprehensive data on duration of copulation, minimum age for copulation or possible repeated copulation. However, the gathered data do not provide sufficient information on the stated topic. It was therefore impossible to realize a statistical evaluation, which was supposed to lead to a recount against the total number of European butterflies. The hypothesis, namely that the vast majority of daily butterflies does not show promiscuous behaviour and copulates only once, has not been affirmed, neither disproven. Scientific publications only scarcely provided concrete information on promiscuous behaviour of daily butterflies. A research on this behaviour would require a more thorough examination. But it would enable us to organize accessible data on butterflies in the Czech Republic.
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Portal information system on Meteor platform
Masopust, Ondřej ; Šilerová, Edita (advisor) ; Zdeněk, Zdeněk (referee)
This thesis describes development of real-time reactive portal applications build on Meteor platform. The goal of this thesis is to describe different parts of the platform as a whole and to offer best practices to develop such applications. The theoretical part provides information covering Node.js server, MongoDB document database and their specific features. The beginning of the practical part focuses on the application design and its components implementation. The last chapter summarizes the outcome of this thesis and analyses advantages and disadvantages of Meteor platform over more traditional technology stack. The output and the main value is the Opticube application that is being used in retail. Another plus is the fact, that this thesis is the first to cover Meteor platform at the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague.
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Statistical correction of daily precipitation sums from climate models
Hnilica, Jan ; Chára, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
Climate change prediction and evaluation of its impact currently represent one of the key challenges for the science community. Regional climate models (RCM) have been recently established as a main source of the data for climate change assessment studies. Nevertheless, RCM outputs suffer from systematic errors caused primarily by their low spatial resolution and cannot be used directly without any form of bias correction.
The bias correction is an actual topic in climatology and several correction methods were developed, ranging from the simple additive method to more advanced approaches (e.g. quantile mapping). However, despite this progress, the bias correction methods suffer from several difficulties, which bring another source of uncertainty into the climate change impact assessment studies.
This thesis is focused on two problematic points connected with the bias correction of daily precipitation data. The first one is a non-stationarity between calibration and application periods. New correction methods are developed, showing an increased resistance to non-stationary conditions. The second problem is related to the correction of a dependence (i.e. correlation and covariance) structure of multivariate precipitation data. A new procedure is proposed, correcting the complete dependence structure of the model data. All newly introduced methods are validated using measured and RCM-simulated data; the validation demonstrates their suitable applicability.
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Efficiency valuation of multiple-use forestry
Ševčík, Michal ; Hájek, Miroslav (advisor) ; Martin, Martin (referee)
The thesis outlines the facts that the multi-use forest management and evaluation of its efficiency is a difficult, continual discipline which covers greater amount of knowledge through various fields of science. The thesis tries to prove (suggests) that the forestlands are irreplaceable in performing other functions- economic, social and environmental functions in particular. The thesis deals with effective suggestions how to value these underrated effects and to find out if their production is efficient. It also explores whether a forest manager can monitor and make decisions on the basis of implementation of environmental accounting. The application of a reporting scheme, developed by the "Global reporting initiative", should be the climax of a corporate management. Moreover, this tool offers a suitable methodic software which can be used by the management to inform stakeholders. Eventually, stakeholders can use reports to evaluate the efficiency of corporate forest management, particularly in the field of non-productive forest functions. The thesis deal with three firm to identify scope nonproduction function brings. The thesis deal with development of equation used in financial analysis or methods used for qualitative measurement, commonly used in other industries. The amount of cost and revenues assumed from research will be used for evalaution of total rate of efficiency in forest company.
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Changes of proline concentration and electrolyte leakage in the selected species of the Panicoideae tribe under water deficit.
Nováková, Hana ; Hnilička, František (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
The theme of this thesis is the impact of water deficit on the concentration of proline and electrolyte leakage from representatives of the Panicoideae tribe. The impact of drought on agricultural production in the environment of the Czech Republic is currently an important issue. The exceptionall dry year of 2014/2015 and the associated water deficit in the soil had an impact mainly on the harvest of wide-row crops, including maize. Representatives of the Panicoideae tribe - sorghum and foxtail millet are the most drought-resistance crops in the world. Sorghum and foxtail millet belong to II. group of cereals like maize. Sorghum and foxtail millet show lower transpiration coefficient than maize, they also tolerates less demanding growing conditions and are more resistant to diseases and pests. They also compete with maize in a wide range of applications. It is therefore appropriate to determine how these crops respond to water deficit during their ontogenetic development. For the purposes of this experiment genotypes originating from conditions of temperate climate were selected, this genotypes have a shorter growing season. A short growing season is an important factor in the timing of the harvest of the late sown crops in our climate.
The aim of the thesis was to determine and evaluate the impact of water deficit on the concentration of proline and electrolyte leakage in selected genotypes of sorghum and foxtail millet and on the basis of the results to select genotypes with high resistance to water deficit. Based on the aims the following hypotheses were set: to determine whether there are differences in the concentration of proline and electrolyte leakage between selected genotypes depending on the effect of water deficit and whether there are differences in these physiological characteristics in response to water deficit between sorghum and foxtail millet. To fulfill the objectives and evaluation the hypothesis was based on the greenhouse experiment with selected genotypes of sorghum and foxtail millet at the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology in the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague.
The experiment included 4 genotypes of the species Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. (Sorghum): 1216, 30485, Barnard Red and Ruzrok and one variety of the species Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (Foxtail millet) Ruberit. A total of 4 variants were designated for the experiment (one control and three under the influence of water deficit in different times). The plants in the control variant were full irrigated throughout the experiment. Variant KS was irrigated for the first 14 days, followed by 10 days without watering and the last 4 days were again irrigated. Plants in variant SK were under the influence of water deficit for the first 10 days of the experiment, then 18 days with watering and the plants in the variant SS were without watering for the first 10 days, for the next 4 days were without watering, then the same pattern was repeated: 10 days without and 4 days with watering. Physiological characteristics were observed in plants in the developmental stages BBCH 14-16. The concentration of proline was determined by measuring the absorbance of the samples formed by the reaction with ninhydrin. Subsequently, the measured values were compared with the calibration curve. To measure the sample absorbance at 520 nm a spectrophotometer Hellios gama (Thermo) was used. Electrolyte leakage on discs made from leafs was measured with electrical conductivity meter GRYF 158 (HB Griffin, Ltd.).
The obtained results show that the proline concentration increased in response to water stress, since the highest concentration of proline was detected in plants growing in the most stressed variant of SS (670.13 micrograms) compared with other variants of stress. Plants variant KS (643.85 micrograms) showed a higher accumulation than the proline in variant SK (636.69 micrograms). The highest concentration of proline was measured on a genotype in the variety of sorghum Ruzrok (642.94 micrograms). The lowest content of proline was found in the variety of sorghum 1216 (623.78 micrograms), this value was also the only significant difference from the contents of proline to other genotypes. Which at least partly confirms the proposed hypothesis that there are differences in the content of proline between genotypes.
The highest electrolyte leakage cell damage was respectively exhibited in plants from the variant SS (39.56%). Plants of the SK variant showed a higher rate of cell damage (32.95%) than plants from the variant KS (29.88%). The lowest cell damage was exhibited in plants grown under control conditions, which again indicates that damage cells increases in response to water deficit. In this experiment the highest degree of cell damage was found in the variety of sorghum 1216 (29.26%) and lowest cell damage was observed in the variety of sorghum Ruzrok (27.03%). A significant different degree of cell damage appeared only in the variety foxtail millet Ruberit (28.6%), which confirms our hypothesis that there are differences in the electrolyte leakage between sorghum and foxtail millet.
The hypotheses were not fully confirmed by the experiment. Nevertheless, on the basis of obtained results we conclude that the least drought-resistance genotype is the 1216 variety and the best adapted to the water deficit was the Ruzrok variety. It also confirmed that the higher proline accumulation may protect the plant against the negative effects of water deficit on the cell membranes, which is then reflected in a reduced electrolyte leakage.
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University of the Third Age as part of lifelong learning system
Hátlová, Martina ; Hanušová, Marie (advisor) ; Jana, Jana (referee)
The bachelor's thesis titled "University of the Third Age as part of lifelong learning system" deals with senior education with focus on the University of the Third Age. In the theory part, some important terms are explained there according to special literature, senior education is described there and also other educational opportunities for seniors in the Czech republic. There is also characterized the University of the Third Age, its history and how it works abroad. The thesis focuses also on the University of the Third Age at the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague (CULS). The application part is focused on finding some information about students of the University of the Third Age at CULS. Concretely, the thesis discovers who the students of the University of the Third Age at CULS are, their satisfaction with lectors, their general satisfaction with the University of the Third Age at CULS and which topics they would be interested in. The quastionnaires in a paper form were used for the survey.
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Horizontal Cooperation of Municipalities - The Case Study of Municipality Chudenice
Vondrová, Markéta ; Kopřiva, Radek (advisor) ; Kobzev Kotásková, Sylvie (referee)
This Bachelors thesis is presented in the form of a case study of the municipality of Chudenice. In the theoretical section, the concrete opportunities and reasons for cooperation are explained in detail. Furthermore, the cooperation between other municipalities are described, as well as other subjects, which include natural persons and legal persons in compliance with the applicable laws of the Czech Republic. In the practical section the specified municipality of Chudenice is described in detail and its participation in the micro-region Běleč. This Bachelor thesis is based on the studies from the Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, primarily studies published by Ms. Zdeňky Vajdová, Mr. Daniel Čermák and Mr. Michal Illner. The main research question reveals the possibilities of utilizing the above mentioned studies during various cases of cooperation with the municipality of Chudenice.
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Influence of white and yellow flower rape on incidence of natural enemies of pests
Křížek, Stanislav ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Daniel, Daniel (referee)
The insect society living in oilseed rape is large. Change of the crop characteristics affects both harmful species and beneficious ones. The latter group consists of a lot of members of order Hymenoptera. This work focuses on the evaluation of impact of white oilseed rape cultivation on the insect society in comparison with two yellow winter varieties. Newly bred winter oilseed rape line variety Witt was compared to two hybrid varieties of yellow rape; Sherpa and DK Sensei. The experiment was carried out in 2015 and its plots were placed at Ruzyně at Crop Reserach Institute (VÚRV, v. v. i.) and also at the Experimental Unit of Czech University of Life Sciences (ČZU) in Uhříněves. The insects were collected by sweeping net, soil larvae traps and soil emergence traps. The occurrence of serious pests (pollen beetle Brassicogethes aeneus, brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae, cabbage seed weevil Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephalus and cabbage flea beetles Phyllotreta sp.) was recorded. Dominant parasitoid species were Tersilochus heterocerus, Platygaster subuliformis, Trichomalus perfectus, Mesopolobus morys and Omphale clypealis. The level of pest mortality was evaluated. Numbers of species identified by key were processed using generalized linear model method in R statistical software. The results confirm suitability of the assessed varieties in the white oilseed rape cultivation system, notably in the combination of Sherpa and Witt. They give an insight into parasitoid community of oilseed rape in Czech republic, which is useful for management of serious pest species.
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Comparison of various methods monitoring insect diversity in sown flower strips and neighboring fields of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape
Kolařík, David ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
In this study we deal with comparison of insect monitoring methods on flowering strip, wheat and oilseed rape. The experiment is located at two study sites: Crop Research Institute at Ruzyně and Experiment unit of Czech University of Life Sciences in Uhříněves. The experiment was carried out in 2015.
To make monitoring we utilized sweeping net, Möricke yellow traps, transect counting and as a supplementary method we utilized light trap. Monitoring was done in 25 of June, 16 of July and 12 of August 2015. These dates were chosen because of flowering of the strip which was the most important issue in this study. As a result of this the insect diversity in other almost harvested variants was quite low.
The most important insect species quantities were collected from Möricke traps in all three variants. But this fact could be naturally based on the attractivity of the yellow color, so we can´t reliably say, if in out of bloom rape or wheat could be present this high amount of insect or if it is only being attracted by color of the trap from the neighborhood.
The second method with the highest insect occurrence was sweeping net. Again the highest species diversity was described from the flowering strip.
The lowest amount of insects was noted in transect counting. This method has (contrastingly to the others) disadvantage in the high possibility of fail to detect small insect, which are normally noticed by the other methods.
Light trap monitored about the highest species number, where the majority of species belong to order Lepidoptera. That sway this method was employed only to enrich the species diversity.
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Environmental control over growth of coniferous trees with attention to Norway spruce
Kníř, Tomáš ; Čada, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Ulbrichová, Iva (referee)
Norway spruce belongs to the pine family. It has conical shape of the crown and straight trunk, the height ranges from 20 to 35 meters. Its natural habitat in the Czech Republic is in high elevations. The optimal temperature is 6 °C and the rainfall in the vegetation period is 490 580 mm.
The thesis also contains data about growth and the requirements for influential processes and regulators. I also review the formation of the growth rings - i.e. growth ring definition, formation and internal and external influences.
The thesis also focuses on dendrochronology. This science is a basis for obtaining information from dated growth rings. Using dendrochronology we can determin the annual diameter increment and the age of the tree. This science is divided into several different subdisciplines according to the usage of the growth rings data such as dendroclimatology, dendroecology, dendrogeomorphology, dendrohydrology and dendroarcheology. The selection of the area where samples are collected for the data analysis is the key factor.
The environment influences the growth of the trees both in the positive and the negative way. The climate is one of the most important factors that influence the growth. Climatic influences are mainly rainfall and air temperature where the influence differs between low and high altitudes. Anthropogenic influences, mainly air pollution (ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide), play important part for the tree growth as well.
From the gained knowledge is clear that Norway spruce should be in the future planted in higher altitudes where in case of global warming better conditions are for the tree.
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