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Metabolic costs of reproduction in vertebrates, particularly in reptiles
Kukačková, Dominika ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Animal reproduction involves energy expenditures for gamete formation, support of offspring development, and associated behavioural changes. Due to high variability in reproductive traits, reptiles are the ideal study group for this field. Investment in reproductive organs and gametes represent costs of sex products production. The next phase of reproduction is gestation, when females support their developing offspring, which results in additional metabolic costs. Metabolism of pregnant female can be viewed as a sum of resting metabolism, which is the same as in non-pregnant animal, of increased metabolism to support pregnancy, and of embryonic metabolism. Separation of each component is crucial for assessing energy costs of reproduction and for comparison of different reproductive strategies. Certain behavioural changes during reproduction can influence total energy balance as well. These changes include increased locomotion costs or shifts in the thermoregulatory behaviour. Estimation of the real costs of reproduction is a complex matter since a reproduction is a very dynamic process and there are many issues that influence the overall energy consumption of reproducing individuals.
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Locomotion, thermoregulation and growth factors in lower limb proportions in human evolution
Čerevková, Simona ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to introduce the influence of locomotion, climate, environment and growth factors on lower limb proportions in the context of human evolution. In this work, we examine the manner of locomotion in relation to morphology and lower limb proportions in early hominins (Orrorin, Ardipithecus), australopithecines and the Plio-Pleistocene representatives of the genus Homo. Furthermore, we mention findings about the energetic costs of bipedal locomotion of the Neanderthals and anatomically modern human. An influence of climate and environment on crural index values of past and present human populations was observed. We also show an impact of growth factors on human body parameters using examples related to secular trend, the effect of craniocaudal gradient and subsistence strategy. The thesis was enhanced with a practical part focussed on intersexual variability of the most distal part of lower limb skeleton. The results showed that there was not a significant difference in relative metatarsal lengths between men and women. Key words: locomotion, thermoregulation, climate, lower limb proportions, hominins, Neanderthals, anatomically modern human
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Case study of walk and run kinematics involution
Raková, Gabriela ; Bunc, Václav (advisor) ; Semerád, Miroslav (referee)
Title: Case study of walk and run kinematics involution Objectives: Identify differences in the execution of walk and run, their time and space parameters, by two couples in close family relationship (father and son; father and daughter), who participate in the performance sport of running. Methods: Two family couples (3 men and one woman) participated to laboratory and field tests. Each subject participated in two kind of walk (walk on treadmill at the speed of 5km/h and walk on the athletic track - at natural walking speed) and according the abilities to 15 speeds of running locomotion (13 speeds on treadmill and 2 speeds on the athletic track). Kinematics of all speeds was analysed with the software Kinovea 0.8.15. The thesis is a pilot study, that is trying to ascertain the extend of difference of the execution of locomotion of subjects in the male parental line (father and son; father and daughter). Results: Noticeable difference in the characteristics of all measured speeds of locomotion are seen by the older two members of relatives (74,8 and 40,2 years), the faster was the evaluated speed, the larger was the difference in stride length (6 to 25 cm) and in stride frequency in walking as well as in running (23 to 38 steps per minute). For the second tested two members of a family (53,7 and...
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Comparative analysis of selected coordinate indicators in front crawl swiming technique and crawling
Vodička, Radek ; Sýkora, Karel (advisor) ; Kračmar, Bronislav (referee)
AABBSSTTRRAACCTT Title: Comparative analysis of selected coordinate indicators in front crawl swimming technique and crawling. Purposes: The first aim of thesis is to compare coordinate indictors of average swimming cycle and average crawling cycle. Methods: Surface electromyography of muscular activity combined with cinematography analysis used synchronized video recording. Intraindividual comparative analysis and subsequent interindividual comparison of timing muscular activation in one average swimming and crawling cycle. Results: The timing of muscular activity of m. pectoralis major and m. latissimus dorsi during swimming cycle was identical for all probands. This phenomenon was not found in crawling . Key words: Swimming technique, Front Crawl, crawling, EMG, muscle, locomotion, shoulder girdle
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Evaluation of selective voluntary muscle control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Impact on the severity of spasticity and gross motor function level
Opálková, Michaela ; Kolář, Pavel (advisor) ; Kobesová, Alena (referee)
Author's first name and surname: Michaela Opálková Title of the master thesis: Evaluation of selective voluntary muscle control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Impact on the severity of spasticity and gross motor function level. Department: Department of rehabilitation and sports medicine, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Supervisor: doc. PaedDr. Pavel Kolář, PhD. The year of presentation: 2012 Abstract: This thesis should provide comprehensive information about pathophysiological mechanisms underlying spasticity and spastic movement disorder with special attention to children with cerebral palsy. Spasticity and selective voluntary motor control assessment possibilities will be summarized. Classification systems of the gross motor functions (levels of locomotion) are also mentioned. The main objective is to elaborate selective motor control ability scale (IP) which is newly proposed in this study. The need for such instrument and its feasibility for clinical practice intend to be confirmed. The level of locomotion of 25 children with spastic cerebral palsy is compared with IP outputs, spasticity measurement outputs using Ashworth scale respectively. Keywords: spasticity, selective voluntary motor control, locomotion, scale
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Performance measuring of individuals with physical handicap
Vít, Ondřej ; Kálal, Jan (advisor) ; Radvanský, Jiří (referee)
The thesis is focused on the measurement of the energy consumption during the locomotion of the mobility disabled (riding a wheelchair a walking with 2 point support - crutch). The probands were handicapped by partial amputation of lower limb based on the vascular cause which represents approximately 90 percent of all amputations done in the Czech Republic. The thesis also presents a brief classification of amputations according to the extent of the separation, the history of amputations and the main etiologic factors leading to amputation. In the result section the measured data are discussed. In the last part of the thesis, the conclusions are discussed and compared to information available from similar studies. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Performance measuring of individuals with physical handicap
Vít, Ondřej ; Kálal, Jan (advisor) ; Radvanský, Jiří (referee)
The thesis is focused on the measurement of the energy consumption during the locomotion of the mobility disabled (riding a wheelchair a walking with 2 point support - crutch). The probands were handicapped by partial amputation of lower limb based on the vascular cause which represents approximately 90 percent of all amputations done in the Czech Republic. The thesis also presents a brief classification of amputations according to the extent of the separation, the history of amputations and the main etiologic factors leading to amputation. In the result section the measured data are discussed. In the last part of the thesis, the conclusions are discussed and compared to information available from similar studies. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Person Identification Based on Locomotion
Pražák, Ondřej ; Richter, Miloslav (referee) ; Horák, Karel (advisor)
This paper deals with study of human movement and using that in identification. In the first part of my work are explained characteristics of human movement and factors which take effect on these characteristics. Practical part is dealing with design of program which is solving mentioned problems. The input of program is created by video sequence with lateral movement of human. The program is finding coordinates of lower limbs joints. From this coordinates are created locomotion characteristics used for human identification. Matching of time behaviors is based on correlation.
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