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Direct Presidential Election, Competence of the President: Comparative Study 1.150
Kolář, Petr ; Pecháček, Štěpán ; Syllová, Jindřiška
The position and competence of the head of state plays decisive role in the constitutional system. In the republics, the position of the head of state is closely connected with the presidential electoral system Traditional classification of the forms of government is not sufficient enough, especially because of leaving out several important variables. Most of authors nowadays tend to classify forms of government into following models: parliamentary system, half-presidential, prime minister-presidential, presidential, presidential-parliamentary system. The paper surveys the position of president in France, Ireland, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Austria and Slovakia. The conclusions of this study may be summarized: a) there is no direct implication between direct presidential election and importance of president in the constitutional system of the country, b) it is necessary to distinguish between importance of the presidency in the constitutional system, as it results from the formal constitutional regulation on one side and the manner how the president is functioning in practice, mainly considering the presidential position in the party-political system on the other side. Whereas in the light of the formal constitution we could consider Finland and Portugal as the states with the strongest president, in reality we could unambiguously identify France as country with the strongest president. The weakest president is then, in both lights, in Ireland. c) The fact of outstanding personality of the first president elected in the direct elections may be the very important factor affecting the importance of presidential position. The example of such a personality which engraved the style of the presidential function for following periods was Antonio Salazar in Portugal or Lech Walesa in Poland. d) Another element affecting the presidential position within the constitutional and political system is the extent of his participation in political life. In some countries the president is taken as non-party man and independent arbiter (Ireland), in other countries, president is a leader of main political party regardless if it is a governing or opposition party (France). In Austria the directly elected president may be an active member of the political party while the federal chancellor is its chairman. e) Presidential legal and political responsibility determines the constitutional status. The direct election causes that constitutional authority of the president arises from other source than the Parliament and which creates conditions for political unaccountability of the president. Majority of constitutions of European countries define a certain grade of criminal immunity during presidential electoral term, appended by some form of impeachment. President may be charged by one of parliamentary chambers, the judgement is completed by one of the top judicial instances or by a special judicial body. Besides, in some countries (Poland, Portugal, Austria), there exists limited criminal responsibility of the president. In Austria and Slovakia the constitution contains political responsibility of the president. In Austria the president is accountable to the Federal Assembly, in Slovakia the constitution even enables the possibility to remove the president by the plebiscite.
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Economic Analysis of Judicial Activity
Zabranská, Monika ; Kühn, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Munzi, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis deals with the problem of the monopoly structure of the modern justice system and the heavy regulation of most fields of dispute resolution. In this system, judges themselves comprise a self-interested group seeking relaxed regulation and increased rights from the government. The thesis describes inefficiencies and dangers stemming from the lack of market control of the modern justice system and suggests an alternative in the form of a private justice system. The purpose of this paper is to examine both the problem of successful implementation of competition into the current justice system, while describing various models as to how the private justice system could function without state control, with examples from history. This paper further examines the economic differences between private and public justice systems in terms of incentives, efficiency, the process of law creation, speed, and consumers' satisfaction, as well as the conditions under which different systems work best. The main conclusion of this paper is that society should allow all subjects desirous of opportunities to provide goods and services through new enterprises, even in areas currently the exclusive domain of the state, as doing so brings an increase in quality, speed of solution/service, and innovation.
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E-learning applications as a support for knowledge management in a company
Latiak, Martin ; Šedivá, Zuzana (advisor) ; Žid, Norbert (referee)
This paper analyzes the relationship between e-learning and knowledge management. It describes the possibilities of practical applications of this relationship, in context of supporting knowledge management in a company. It analyzes the theoretical background of e-learning and knowledge management. The paper also examines the ways of creation, dissemination and use of knowledge. It looks for common methods, goals and tools used in both e-learning and knowledge management. The concluding chapters describe the usage of particular e-learning applications, present relevant statistical data and the last one provides suggestions for e-learning solutions for different sized companies.
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Risk Management Integration and Corporate Governance
Duba, Peter ; Málek, Jiří (advisor) ; Witzany, Jiří (referee)
Diplomová práce zkoumá nejdřív funkci a posléze proces řízení rizik v rámci banky z hlediska zejména neoinstitucionální a behaviorální finanční teorie. Nejdřív je analyzována náplň funkce řízení rizik v kontextu maximalizace hodnoty banky. Je dokázáno, že specifický kontext bankovnictví vyžaduje zohledňování celkového rizika aktivit místo pouhé korelace se systematickým rizikem. Rovněž je třeba zohledňovat preference všech stakeholdrů banky a nejenom jejích vlastníků. Z tohoto důvodu se práce dále zaměřuje na trend směřující k integrovanému řízení rizik, který odpovídá na tyto potřeby. Analyzovány jsou zejména koncepty ekonomického kapitálu a podnikového řízení rizik (ERM). V další části práce je zkoumáno smysluplné začlenění procesu řízení rizik v rámci organizační struktury banky v kontextu konfliktních cílů maximalizace zisku a minimalizace rizika. Nesprávné propojení s ostatními bankovními procesy představuje jeden z hlavním problémů efektivního fungování řízení rizik obecně, jako i překážku při implementaci konceptu integrovaného řízení rizik v bankovní praxi. Je ukázáno, že funkce řízení musí mít na jedné straně dosah na strategické řízení banky, na druhé straně musí být transcendentní přes celou strukturu banky. Tyto shledání jsou konfrontovány s bankovní praxí v rámci případové studie.
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Cultural standards of the USA
Vojáčková, Zuzana ; Khelerová, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Vojtíšek, Zdeněk (referee)
The purpose of this diploma thesis is to describe the features of the American culture by analyzing the cultural standards, use them for comparison with the Slovak culture and create a set of recommendations for easier adaptation of the Slovaks in the United States. The work is divided into three parts - theoretical, practical and empirical. In the theoretical section we define the concept of culture, cultural standards and cultural dimensions, and on this basis we compare the features of the American and Slovak culture. The practical part describes the characteristics of the USA - national symbols, history, geography, religion, population, economy, political system, basic features of the US market, the impact of globalization and the specifics of the US business environment. The empirical section uses a questionnaire survey to examine the American culture from the Slovak point of view. The result of this thesis is a manual created with the use of the synthesis and comparison methods.
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Impacts of 2016 VAT cut on selected groceries in Slovakia
Tóth, Michal ; Štěpánek, Pavel (advisor) ; Hájek, Jan (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the impact of the reduction of VAT on selected groceries in Slovakia in 2016. I am comparing the composition of the consumer basket and shopping lists of end-consumers before this legislative amendment and thereafter and consumer preferences, on which products they would like to have reduced VAT rate. Then I am also analysing the impact on the consumer prices of groceries with recured tax rate and on the groceries, which composition is similar, but they are encumbered with standard tax rate. The comparative analysis has shown that the tax reduction is reflected in the final price of approximately 96 %. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics and the system of value added tax, historical development in Slovak law and impacts of the tax rate cut abroad. Conclusion interprets the results of comparative analysis and questionnaire.
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Analysis of the Communication strategy of ČSOB, a.s.
Le Thi, Huyen ; Zamazalová, Marcela (advisor) ; Bradáč, Jan (referee)
This thesis deals with the banking market and it is focused on the account in the Czech Republic. The aim is to assess the impacts of the chosen communication strategy on the target group in connection with the launching of new products. The first part focuses on selected theories. The second part deals with the Bank itself and analyzes the current communication strategy. The last part research examines the effectiveness of communication campaign and the impact of the new strategy on changes of consumer perceptions and decisions. Besides the data gained from the primary research, there were a lot of secondary data such as an internal company data and data from the research of MML-TGI or data from Nielsen Admosphere that were used also as well.
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The amendment to Act no. 110/1997 on food, new rules on food labeling and compliance with these rules
Steklý, Jaroslav ; Kadlecová, Eva (advisor) ; Pavla, Pavla (referee)
This thesis deals with the issue of food labelling, which is a topic that touches each of us. This topic is very broad and even when it is no longer effective amendment to the act on food no. 139/2014, it is very difficult for consumers in all the laws of the Czech Republic and EU regulations to navigate. The content of this theses does not and cannot be the task of this issue is completely clarified, but it aims to orientate in the basic law on foodstuffs no. 110/1997 Coll. amended by act no. 139/2014 and some other decrees and relevant regulations of the EC that directly affect food labelling. The practical part examines consumers' knowledge about food labeling, their interest in the information provided on labels and on compliance labeling frozen fish.
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