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Analysis of sheep utility attributes in ecological and conventional flocks in the Czech Republic
Linhartová, Iveta ; Ptáček, Martin (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The goal of this diploma thesis was to perform an analysis of sheep breeding of Suffolk breed in basic reproductive performance and meat production traits aspects. The information for rating these aspects was used from two farms. The first of them used conventional way of breeding (ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo) and the second one used ecological way (EkofarmaKosařůvmlýn, s.r.o.).
Fertilization, fertility, intensity and rearing belong among monitored reproductive indicators. These reproductive indicators are expressed in percentages. Regarding meat production traits rating in this thesis we compared influences of year of lambing, farming method, birth month, sex, litter size and age of dam. All these influences were judge according to birth weight (kg), weight at the age of 100 days (kg), average growth (g), depth of the longest dorsal muscle (mm) and according to depth of subcutaneous fat (mm). Reproductive performance and meat production were monitored in years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.
In terms of reproductive performance with a few exceptions it was true that ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo reached the best values, and in most cases better than the national average. For example in terms of intensity values in 2012 ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo had 35,9% better results compared to national average. In the same year this farm reached 48,1% higher values of percentage rearing compared to national average. Ekofarma Kosařův mlýn, s.r.o. showed worse performances, however it was in most cases better than national average. In terms of intensity in 2011 Ekofarma Kosařův mlýn, s.r.o. had the same results as the ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo. Meat production properties were supported by statistical calculations and all of them were conclusive at least at the level of significance P < 0,05 in all cases except month of birth effect on birth weight. The best results of meat production in terms of effect of lambing had the year 2012, when the birth weight was one of the highest and the other properties (weight at the age of 100 days, average growth, depth of the longest dorsal muscle, depth of subcutaneous fat) were by far the highest in the period of 2011-2015. Next we found out that the ecological way of breeding (in this case Ekofarma Kosařůvmlýn, s.r.o.) has better results than the conventional way (ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo).
The effect of birthmonth has the significant influence on the indicators of meat production and the lambs born in April had the best results. In the case of sex rams are better. Litter size has very important influence on meat production the more lambs per one mother, the lower
birth weights, the lower weights until the period of weaning, the lower weights at the age of 100 days. It is affected by milkiness of the mother. Moreover, the age of mothers also play a significant role. In our research the highest birth weights had lambs of one year old mothers and all other indicators were the highest in the case of three year old dams.
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Growing of rapeseed for energy purposes - impacts and context.
Charvát, Michal ; Kuchtová, Perla (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
Biofuels are generally based on biomass. It may be a waste biomass or biomass grown specifically. It is used as fixed or lump fuel, and also to as liquid and gas. Liquid biofuels are used both for energy purposes, ie to produce heat, electricity generation, but also as a motor fuels. In this thesis goes on biofuel purposefully grown, about oilseed rape and from it made liquid fuel, in this case of RME rapeseed methyl ester, which is a fuel of the first generation.
The European Union expected that the use of biofuel will reduce CO2 emissions by up to 35% further premised that the development of biofuels will be a positive impact on local employment and it the both on direct and indirect. Further help diversify Europe's dependence on oil imports. They were introduced direct support for growers in order to exlarged the area where grew plants intended for biofuel. These direct resistances were abolished in 2010. Similar support was also intended for producers.
Regarding rapeseed, peak in the sown area across the EU was in 2010, when it was sown almost 7 mil. ha, which is almost 3,5 times more than the original plan for the EU. Last year, it was only 6,45 mil. ha, but with higher-yielding rapeseed seeds. Similarly, increasing the sowing areas you can watch in the Czech Republic. Moreover Czech Republic is the fifth producer of rapeseed in the EU. In 2013/14 have been sown most ha rape, total 418,8 th. ha, but production was the highest in the following year due hectare yields, although with reduced the area sown. Yet is rape sown on 14% of cultivated land.
We can not talk about drastically restricting cultivation of rape, even after termination direct aid. First, the price of rape is very decent and steady and almost half designated for industrial processing it is processed on RME. However, the system of cultivation is not good for the soil. Rape in plans crop rotation is ranked every two years mostly, but the best would be once for five years.
The only assumption was confirmed by the EU, CO2 emissions are lower, but is also needed to count with the amount of N2O emissions, which this benefit is reduced. However on employment it had no effect, or rather negative. More jobs in agriculture provides livestock production and the like can be evaluated also process industry. Another problem is the destruction of ecosystems so that could be grown plants suitable for biofuels. It is a matter of developing countries, in our lands is it about the depletion of fertile land to cultivation fuel instead of food. First, it needed more to fertilize and use pesticides. But also in case of crop failure it is revenue designetid for biofuels producers is delivere even at the cost of food price increases.
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The renovation of historical parks near the small feudal residences on the example of the study of the renovation of the castle garden in Doudleby nad Orlici in Eastern Bohemia.
Faltysová, Lenka ; Buttry, Ivana (advisor) ; Jakub, Jakub (referee)
The aim of this work is the processing methodology and presentation process how to restore monuments of garden art. On the example of the revitalization of the castle garden immovable cultural monument Castle Doudleby nad Orlicí, based on the study of literature, similar interventions and the analysis and interpretation of various types of archival material the current quality of historic garden was evaluated. It is based on field survey, which consists of dendrological research, analyzing the authenticity of trees and appreciation of all the collected documents, historical sources and professional literature. Concept recovery of castle garden is based on the expert authority´s binding point of view of the state care of historical monuments.
Renaissance castle in Doudleby nad Orlici is located in the eastern part of the town on a slightly raised hill on the right bank of the River Divoká Orlice. There was a wooden medieval fortress with the farmyard on this place in the 13th century. Sr Mikuláš from Bubno started to build a hunting lodge in the Renaissance style as villa in 1588, which was finished in 1590. The significance of Renaissance residence, which complement the early Baroque elements from the late 17th century, is enhanced by the opulent and impressive sgraffito - carpet pattern covering all external and internal frontage, restored in 1886 by Kirchner. The tall chimneys are the part of decoration in the courtyard decorated with sgraffito as well. The chateau complex is formed along its circuit of farm buildings and residential buildings. Building of castle itself is separated by a park with old trees and newer lawns (Hieke, 1984).
Castle park in Doudleby nad Orlicí was founded in 1809 in compositional continuity of the Renaissance castle building. The park forms one organic complex with the castle. The promoter strived, like in the castle rooms, to demonstrate here his wealth, his sense of art and his botanical-dendrological knowledge. The park is designed as a narrow disposition in landscape style and it is composed as a long vista to the castle. The area of the landscape park is 3.76 hectares nowadays.
The literature search is especially dedicated to the Renaissance and its relationship to the garden art. The monument care in the Czech Republic and the activity of professional organization of the monument care of the National Heritage Institute in Josefov is introduced in this section.
The methodological guide describes the used bolsterings and resulting outputs on the basis of them are implemented of such measures, which will help to improve the health and vitality of existing promising trees and new plantings of trees, which are consistent with the original composition with emphasis on the rehabilitation and upgrading of historical value of the object. Treatment of trees and supplementary planting will be done within the frame of total revitalization of the castle park.
The practical unit describes the current status of vegetation monuments of garden art. The inventory trees is the essential tool for analyzing the current status of vegetation monuments of garden art. Inventory, which should provide quality base for a draft recovery, should also be addressed in certain parts with characteristics of individual species (Krejčiřík, 2015).
The results of field investigation were completely recorded in the graphical output.
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Verification of project „Park za sv. Jakubem v Klatovech“
Malá, Kateřina ; Vacek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
City council of Klatovy town in the Czech Republic submitted a contract for a new town park project on the place called "Za sv. Jakubem" in 2005. Studio SILVEX represented by Ing. Pavel Borusík won this contract and created a feasibility study as the first step of the project documentation. Till now the study has not been realized because of problematic ownership issues within the concerned area.
This diploma thesis strives to solve the question of the up-to-dateness of that project which has been suspended for ten years by now. The main subjects of this thesis have been the project content evaluation, verification of up-to-dateness and to design a new solution respecting current and future needs of the city inhabitants and park users.
Literary overview of the current state of the problem deals with public space areas characteristics, city park characteristics, graveyard characteristics including types of graveyards, burials, graves, burial history in the Czech Republic and Jewish cemeteries. The thesis addresses with the impact of the death on survivors and greenery effects as a green place useful for meditation. The graveyard topic is elaborated because of the geographical distance of Klatovy's town's graveyard to the intended park area.
Evaluation of detailed data provides the fundamental information about Klatovy and the park place, brief contents and main thoughts of feasibility study "Za sv. Jakubem", own verification of the available documentation including changes in the property relations.
All together it had served as a basis for designing new park concept proposal, which responds adequately to demands of park users. The project by Studio SILVEX proposes park place with purely town meaning, containing children playground, in-line skating track and other sport activities. The diploma thesis's park concept transforms the project with focus on scenery locations and relax place for visitors of the nearby town graveyard.
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The Development of Local Government in the Municipality of Kunvald
Rek, Michal ; Čopík, Jan (advisor) ; Dušan, Dušan (referee)
This thesis deals with the development of the local government in the municipality
of Kunvald since 1989. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts related to local government, including the urban area itself its citizens, the neighbourhood authorities, communal electoral system of Czech and the electoral right. The practical part is focused on characteristics of the community, description of its history, and the definition
of the local political parties. Futhermore, it is also targeted to the local organizations
and evaluates of the socio-economic indicators of the village during its participation
in public life and local government. It is also proceed further analysis of the progression and outcome of the local elections of municipality named Kunvald from 1989 to 2014.
The analysis describes all individual candidates, political parties, electoral participation, results and arising representatives, including the characteristics of their subsequent decision-making process who's municipal political scene will be implemented
in the following election period in the organs of the municipality. In addition, the practical also describes the comparison of the results from the municipal, district, regional
and national level since 1989 to 2014. Last but not least, not only it also contains analyses of active and passive usage of the voting rights, but it also includes a description
of continuity and discontinuity of individual members of the municipal council called Kunvald.
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Influence of term of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) desiccation on yield and seed quality
Rajtmajer, Stanislav ; Bečka, David (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Rapeseed is the world's third most important oil plant (the second seminal). It is the most cultivation and most important oil plant in Czech Republic. Winter rapeseed reaches about 85% of the harvest area of oilseeds in the country. The desiccation of oilseed crop is sphere of agricultural engineering, which is still worth discussing. The main problems are how to use the product, what dose and which dates to choose to desiccate. The results of this thesis could help to partially clarify this complex issue.
The aim of the thesis is to observe the effect of different terms oilseed rape desiccation by glyphosate on yield and seed quality.
Small-plot experiments to investigate the influence of the term desiccation of winter rapeseed were established in the years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 on the lands of the experimental station of the Czech Agricultural University, Faculty of Agronomy Food and Natural Resources at the Červený Újezd.
In the first experimental year 2013/2014 was founded five variants in three replications (including undesiccated control). In the year 2014/2015 was founded seven variants in four replicates (including undesiccated controls). In the first experimental year was the first term desiccation 16. 6. 2014, the second year 8. 6. 2015. Subsequent periods of desiccation were a week apart.
The variety of winter rapeseed used for the experiments was a hybrid variety Rohan. The desiccating agent was used Dominator active substance glyphosate. The dose of
4 l / ha + 200 l H2O.
For all samples, both experimental, years yield was determined, the weight of a thousand seeds and oiliness. For desiccated variants were carried out pre-harvest analysis for the determination of solids in pods. Further, all harvested samples taken for laboratory germination test (Determination of germination) ISTA according to the methodology. The results of the experiment sprouting were statistically analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance. Differences between mean values were evaluated by Tukey test, the computer program SAS at a significance level of p = 0.05.
Effect of desiccation term influences of winter oilseed rape seed quality in terms of weight and thousands of seeds in terms of oil content. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) HTS reduced by 7-17% and the oil content of 2-4% of the overall average. Oiliness of the observed characters minimum interference term desiccation. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased oiliness of 1-6%.
Influence term desiccation oilseed rape also greatly influences seed yield.
Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) reduced the yield by 11-14%. Undesiccated control in both years achieved the highest yields, increase yield by 5-12%. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased the yield of attempts by 5-6%.
The term desiccation of winter rapeseed, also significantly affects the vitality of seeds, where very reduces energy germinating seedlings in the first days. The term desiccation, however, does not affect overall seed germination. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) EK2 decreased by 12-40%, EK3 decreased by 4-24%, 3-4% EK4 and extended MGT of 7-15%. In the first experimental year was the most vital option undesiccated control (EK2 = 50.4% = 91.3% EK3, EK4 = 97.9%). In the second experimental year was the most vital seeds of the optimal term desiccation, (Sixth term, 17 days before harvest) = 68.9% EK2, EK3 = 98.2%, EK4 = 100%. Seed samples of 2014/15 had a higher overall vitality of seeds, than samples from 2013/14, the overall vitality is probably worse given year old and transsilaged seed.
The results of the two-year experiment that term desiccation affects the quality of seeds, the yield of seeds and vitality of seeds. Pre-analysis was determined optimum solids content in siliques desiccated samples to values of 40-50%. Like most technology seems to desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) and agro technology without desiccated vegetation. As the least appropriate technology seems very early desiccation (46 to 30 days before harvest).
The first scientific hypothesis: Premature desiccation reduces seed yield, oil content and HTS. Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
The second scientific hypothesis: Desiccation made in the correct term do not affect the quality of the seeds (oiliness and HTS). Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
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Genetic Diversity of Semi-captive Population of Western Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in Senegal and Phylogenetical Relationships between Western Derby Eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant Eland (T. d. gigas)
Zemanová, Hana ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
Representatives of family Bovidae are subjects of many studies concerning with their phylogeny, phylogeography, time of divergence or genetic diversity. Taxonomy is solved by comparison of morphological characteristics or by genetic approaches, genetic diversity could be solved by pedigree or by genetic analyses too. Tragelaphinae number nine species of two genera, Tragelaphus sp. and Taurotragus sp. The antelopes of the genus Taurotragus (T. derbianus and T. oryx) belong to the largest antelopes of the world. Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) has two subspecies, Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant eland (T. d. gigas), which are distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics. Western subspecies (T. d. derbianus) is classified as critically endangered. There lives the only population in Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal, which numbers fewer than 200 individuals. For the conservation, the semi-captive breeding programme has been established in 2000. It was created by six founders (one male and five females), which are presumed to be non-related. The population within this programme had 95 living individuals in 2013, living in seven herds in Bandia and Fathala reserves in Senegal. The population is under breeding management, which efforts to minimize kinship of the individuals. Studbook was established for the Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) in 2008 and is published annually. It acts about small population with low number of founders and no gene flow, which is threatened by inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic diversity of the population was evaluated by means of microsatellite markers and the results were compared with the results of pedigree analysis. Pedigree analysis showed the highest genetic diversity in the generation of founders (FOUNDERS). It decreased in the generation of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 1; born in season 2007/2008), due to the fact, that the only male took part in the reproduction. And it increased again in the generation of offspring of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 2; born in the season 2009/2010), because more individuals were included into the reproduction. Fifteen individuals and five polymorphic microsatellite loci (from the total number of 13 tested loci) were chosen for the genetic study. The parameters of genetic diversity (HE and HO, Ar and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and FIS and FST) were evaluated. Not any deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found out. The results of genetic analysis confirmed the highest genetic diversity in the population of founders (Ar = 2.79; HE = 0.664; HO = 0.750; FIS = --0.154). In both generations of offspring values of allelic richness and observed and expected heterozygosity decreased (Ar = 2.15; HO = 0.580; HE = 0.586 in OFFSPRING 1 and Ar = 2.14; HO = 0.370; HE = 0.480 in OFFSPRING 2). Contrary to the results of pedigree analysis, there was not been observed any improvement in OFFSPRING 2. The resultant values of genetic diversity parameters were quite satisfactory, despite of the low number of founders and mating of related individuals.
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Effect of climatic and environmental variables on changes in numbers and migratory behaviour of wintering and migrating waterbirds.
Adam, Matyáš ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Bejček, Vladimír (referee)
Waterbirds with their specific habitat and food requirements varying during their annual cycle (Riffell et al. 2003; Taft and Haig 2006) are able to indicate the wetland diversity and quality due to their rapid responses on changes in environment (Delany 1999; Fernández et al. 2005; Amat and Green 2010). Remarkable land cover changes and climate warming led to significant shifts in distribution and abundance of many waterbird species across Europe in recent decades (Delany et al. 2006; Fox et al. 2010; Lehikoinen et al. 2013; Pavón-Jordán et al. 2015). To understand the dynamic of migratory birds in space and time and to assess effects of global conditions as well as local conditions of individual sites during their annual cycle there is need of international monitoring and research. Since the start of International Waterbird Census in 1967 both increasing and decreasing trends have been recorded in nearly fifty percent of waterbird species in Western Palearctic (Delany et al. 2006, Wetlands International 2016) and they consequently have affected trends in particular countries, including the Czech Republic. Wetland sites in the Czech Republic are generally situated on the edge of wintering range of most waterbird species (Gilissen et al. 2002), however the prevailing increase in abundance of waterbird species has been recorded here in recent decades (Musil et al. 2011). Though, the considerable growth of winter temperatures has not been noticed in the Czech Republic (Klein Tank et al. 2002; Musilová et al. 2009; Dušek et al. 2013), and the accessibility of the wetland sites, due to their freezing, varies year to year. Hence, we can assume that waterbirds have likely began using the alternative habitats with available food resources, i.e. cold-weather refuges, probably regardless of their conservation status (Musilová et al. 2015). Special protection areas were implemented to Czech legislation in 2004 to protect migratory birds (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC). So far there has not been tested the effectivity and impact of legislative protection on wintering waterbird species. Moreover, some previous studies indicated that SPA network do not match the species distribution pattern (López-López et al. 2007; Briggs et al. 2012; Albuquerque et al. 2013), so this issue urgently calls for scientific research.
The second part of the thesis focused on Greylag Geese, whose abundance has rapidly grown across the Europe in recent decades (Madsen et al. 1999; Fox et al. 2010), and that have become ideal model species to observe their responses to habitats and climate changes as well as their reactions to human disturbance (Fox and Madsen 1997; Ramo et al. 2015). This requires appropriate knowledge of geese distribution, abundance and their behaviour. Since 1930s, when the geese started to be ringed in the Czech Republic, the ringing intensity have markedly varied and have been reflected in numbers of recoveries. In last ten years the intensity have increased (Podhrazský 2010). However, complex of the historical data until 2002 (Cepák et al. 2008) and recent data have not been analysed so far. In the light of recent shifts in wintering ranges and migration phenology of many goose populations these analyses require increased attention. Furthermore, the satellite monitoring of geese is coming to detect more detailed information about behaviour of individuals.
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Possible solutions to the restoration of overmature forest stands in the Lány game enclosuregame-park
Ambrož, Robin ; Vacek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Igor, Igor (referee)
Possible solutions to the restoration of overmature forest stands in the Lány game enclosure -- this is a problem that generations of foresters in the Křivoklátsko region have been faced with. The restoration has often been postponed; as a result, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of such stands in the game enclosure. Currently, almost a third of the game enclosure is covered by stands, predominantly beech, older than 160 years, and the suggestions on how to restore these stands are by no means unified, not only within the framework of the relevant authorities, but also among the management of the Lány forestry administration. In the past, the disintegration of stands in the highest age class was dealt with by a massive planting of large-sized plants in the whole area of the game enclosure, which has brought and will continue to bring about a remarkable increase in the forest protection costs. The aim of this PhD thesis is to answer the questions concerning the restoration of the local beech stands and to propose a solution that would be efficient in the long term. The basic questions have been phrased as follows: In what condition are the extensive large-sized plant plantings? What is the number of overmature forest stands in the Lány game enclosure and what will their future development be? Are these stands still capable of producing a sufficient number of beech seeds to ensure successful natural regeneration? In what way should we restore these overmature forest stands? How should we protect them from the game damage? It was necessary to find some of the answers within the framework of intermediate scientific tasks; however, the finding of a conceptual solution to the restoration of the game enclosure remained the main goal of this work. To fulfil the goals of this thesis, it was necessary to perform the inventory of large-sized plant plots; it was found out that the total number of individuals planted in the Lány game enclosure until the end of 2011 was 28,994 at 840 plots. The plantings established in 2011 were surveyed as to their vitality and height increment between the years 2011 and 2014. In 2015, a sample was selected on which the condition of the root system was analysed according to the type of a container used for the raising of large-sized plants. It is evident from the results that despite considerable investment in fencing, the large-sized plant plantings are very often damaged by game and have to be repeatedly reinforced. The root system analysis revealed that a significant number of individuals show serious root system deformations. Consequently, the optimization of large-sized plant planting was proposed. The condition of the beech stands at PRP was ascertained with the aid of the FieldMap technology; the stand development prediction was carried out by the growth simulator SIBYLA. The verification of the fertility of the overmature beech stands took place at smaller plots demarcated within PRP. The results show that the occurrence of game eliminates natural regeneration in these stands; thus, it is necessary to find a way which will not be only efficient, but also economical. The fertility verification proved that despite their advanced age, the beech stands preserve their ability to produce seed material, which could be used for regeneration under a shelterwood. Finally, a model regeneration block presenting two possible reproduction methods (with maximum utilization of natural regeneration and accelerated one) was designed on the basis of both the differentiation of the game enclosure and the localization of stands with the highest degree of regeneration urgency.
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ICT support for regional development
Očenášek, Vladimír ; Havlíček, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Vostrovský, Václav (referee)
There are many of different rankings in the world, which relate to information and communications technology. For example, United Nations e-Government survey evaluates expansion of e-government administration in 193 countries in the world every two years and publishes worldwide ranking of EGDI (e-government development index). Since 2003 web portals of the capitals of the largest countries in the world are evaluated evaluated by - Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide (Holzer et al., 2014) every two years. This rating is organized by the "The E-Governance Institute" which is part of Rutgers University Newark. Prague (15 in) was included for the first time in 2007. Prague was ranked in excellent 2nd place in 2009, in the period 2011 - 2012 was in 4th place and in the period 2013 - 2014, Prague ranked 10th. Our methods of evaluation are based on methods of Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide, which is focused on regional web portals. We evaluated 6 regional web portals using 40 parameters in the area privacy, usability, content, services, citizen and social engagement. For instance, we evaluated if web portal provides: online publications, multilingual access, GIS, calendar of events, searchable database of articles, accommodation reservation etc. For evaluation of regional web portals, we chose two regional touristic headquarters (Centrála cestovního ruchu -- Jižní Morava (www.ccrjm.cz), Jihočeská centrála cestovního ruchu www.jccr.cz)), one regional touristic web (Posázaví - vítejte v turistickém regionu kolem řeky Sázavy (www.posazavi.com)), two Austrian web portals, which represents cross-border cooperation between Austria and Czech republic (Urlaub am Bauerhof -- dovolená na selském statku (www.agroturistika-v-rakousku.cz), Rakousko -- přijeďte a ožijete (www.austria.info/cz)) and official touristic web portal of Switzerland (Officielle Website von Schweiz Tourismus (www.mojesvycarsko.com)). As it turned out during our model usage, which took into account five important areas, level of regional web portals significantly differ. Some criteria are fulfilled across the all sites, but some of them are partly or completely missing. Individual solutions therefore often prefer different criteria, thus providing different perspectives on the region and its issues. If all criteria were met, the informational content and thus even usefulness of the individual portals would rise. Theoretically, this would lead to a "content compatibility" of individual solutions, which would ultimately bring profit to users and consequently the visitors of their respective regions.
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