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Sociální vztahy a synchronizace ve stádech přežvýkavců - vliv na pastevní chování
Šárová, Radka ; Špinka, Marek (advisor) ; Červený, Jaroslav (referee) ; Nekovářová, Tereza (referee)
This thesis addresses the relationships between beef cattle (Bos taurus) group behaviour on pasture, social dominance and individual characteristics such as body weight and age. The thesis is based on three studies performed in a herd of female beef cattle. In the first two studies, GPS collars were used as the main data-collection method, while the third study relied on an extensive dataset of cow dominance relationships. The first study focused on activity synchronization. We assessed whether cows similar to each other in body weight or in reproductive status were more synchronized and whether the timing of activity switches was determined by specific leading animals. We found that the body weight difference in a dyad of animals had a negative influence on their mutual synchronization. There were no leading animal initiating switches in activity. The second study focused on the role of dominant animals in group movements of the herd. There were positive correlations between dominance status of an individual and several measures of leadership during movements, namely the position of the animal at the front of the herd, more direct and shorter trajectories and higher alignment with nearest neighbours and with the whole herd. These results show that herd movements on pasture behaviour were...
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Perceiving of hierarchical rank and mate preference in humans
Chmelíková, Kateřina ; Jozífková, Eva (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
Distinguished ways are used to measure hierarchical rank between partners in surveys. Aim of this thesis was to study preference for partner of particular hierarchical rank towards respondent 1) according to rating of photographs, 2) according to respondent's ideas about his/her future partnership organization, 3) according to respondent's natural tendency to lead or to yield, and to compare these ways of preference assessment. Questionnaires from 95 female university students aged to 25 years inc. were processed. Respondents, who claimed they will submit their partner or they will take turns in subordination with their partner half and half, were more submissive in ordinary life than respondents, who claimed they will be equal to their partner. Expected connection between idea about future partnership organization or submissiveness in ordinary life and choice of photograph depicting figurant with particular signs of nonverbal dominance was not found. Nevertheless, differences in choices of photographs were found between females using hormonal contraceptives and females not using any hormonal contraceptives. Key words: mate-choice, dominance, submissiveness, attractiveness.
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Causes of canine dominant aggression (Canis familiaris) to people
Suková, Karolína ; Lindová, Jitka (advisor) ; Stella, Marco (referee)
Karolina Suková Abstract People have been living with dogs (Canis familiaris) in close symbiotic relationship for many thousands of years. Such a kind of coexistence cannot get along without certain risk factors. Although aggression is a natural and wide spread phenomenon in the animal kingdom, manifestation of canine aggression toward people is a public health problem which has to be resolved. Dog bites can cause traumatic injuries to victims and decrease the quality of life or even cause the loss of life to the animal. Therefore there is a serious need to determine the risk factors of dog attacks to people and provide effective preventive strategies to this problem. We consider two kinds of risk factors to be fundamental in this respect: factors depend on the dog (e.g. age, breed, sex and size) and factors depend on the owner (e.g. method of training, prior experience with care of dogs, knowledge of natural behavior of dog, time dedicated to dog etc.). Our study examined this risk factors using a questionaire. Seventy two respondents (owners of both aggressive and non-aggressive dogs) participated on our study. Our results suggest that owner's knowledge of natural behavior of dog, time which the owner dedicates to his dog and sex of the dog correlate significantly with canine aggression toward people. Key...
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Dominance Strategies in Romantic Couples' Interactions
Průšová, Denisa ; Weiss, Petr (advisor) ; Jakubů, Jiří (referee) ; Tichotová, Lenka (referee)
This doctoral thesis combines three major topics of how Romantic Couples verbally and nonverbally Communicate Dominance. We research their behavioral dynamics from Evolutionary and Communication perspectives. Against current psycho-social scientific theories, we do suggest that people that are stereotypically seen as submissive, those using other than direct, active, and aggressive strategies, can achieve their will as well. They simply use behaviors that researchers do not consider as dominant (powerful) behaviors and look for them. We explore the whole spectrum of dominance strategies and their context of where, when, and how they are used. We chose a highly qualitative approach during the data collection and analysis part. We adapted a psychotherapy method for research purposes, our Relationship Drama, to overcome significant limitations that nonverbal and communication research struggles with. Therefore, we could see and further qualitatively analyze real couple's behavior in their real typically appearing conflict interaction. Those are described in the theoretical part of this thesis, in chapter 1. Findings from yet unpublished studies that were presented at conferences and are relevant to specific topics are included as well as one case study illustrating dominance ascription complexity. The...
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The Evolution and Functional Role of the Colour of Iris in Humans, Its Biological Role, and Cross-Cultural Perception
Kočnar, Tomáš ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Windhager, Sonja (referee) ; Wacewicz, Slawomir (referee)
The human eye is a conspicuous and unique component of facial appearance. From other mammalian eyes it is set apart mainly by its unusual shape, visible white sclera, and a wide range of iris colours, which is something unique within a single species. Whether alone or in the context of the face as a whole, eye colour is an underexplored area within research into the perception of various personality traits. In this thesis, the author first reviews the physiological factors connected with eye colour and reported correlations between eye colour and different psychological and behavioural conditions. This is followed by an investigation of a possible relationship between eye colour and perceived dominance and attractiveness. The first and second study examines whether and to what extent eye colour is associated with facial morphology responsible for perceived dominance. The results are ambiguous. A cross-cultural comparison in the third study revealed that faces with blue eyes are judged as more attractive only in populations where individuals with darker eyes predominate. It is thus discussed whether this population-specific pattern is the consequence of a negative frequency-dependent selection that may have contributed to the present-day eye colour diversity. In short, the aim of this thesis was to...
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Breaking free from the dominance and establishing independent policy: The analysis of Saudi-Qatari relations and its implications on the region of the Persian Gulf
Denk, Matěj ; Daniel, Jan (advisor) ; Aslan, Emil (referee)
The main topic of the thesis Breaking Free from the Dominance and Establishing Independent Policy: The Analysis of Saudi-Qatari Relations and its Implications on the Region of the Persian Gulf is a thorough analysis of the historical developments of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Qatar. This hierarchical relationship between the two states is analysed according to the theories of alliance formation, MENA foreign policy analyses and international hierarchy. The aim of the thesis is to ascertain how Qatar was able to break free from the subordinate position within the hierarchical relationship with Saudi Arabia. Contrary to other existing research within the field which explains the end of subordination mostly with the crisis in the dominant state, the present thesis addresses other possible factors in the subordinate state that ultimately cause the evasion of the subordination with particular emphasis on the case study in question. The thesis proposes a classification of several distinct eras in Saudi - Qatari relations and verifies them against the theories described above. The thesis' findings support the hypothesis that subordinate states can evade the subordination without a crisis in the dominant, but only in a very specific set of circumstances, which...
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Dominance Strategies in Romantic Couples' Interactions
Průšová, Denisa ; Weiss, Petr (advisor) ; Procházka, Ivo (referee) ; Poláčková Šolcová, Iva (referee)
This doctoral thesis combines three major topics of how Romantic Couples verbally and nonverbally Communicate Dominance. We research their behavioral dynamics from Evolutionary and Communication perspectives. Against current psycho-social scientific theories, we do suggest that people that are stereotypically seen as submissive, those using other than direct, active, and aggressive strategies, can achieve their will as well. They simply use behaviors that researchers do not consider as dominant (powerful) behaviors and look for them. We explore the whole spectrum of dominance strategies and their context of where, when, and how they are used. We chose a highly qualitative approach during the data collection and analysis part. We adapted a psychotherapy method for research purposes, our Relationship Drama, to overcome significant limitations that nonverbal and communication research struggles with. Therefore, we could see and further qualitatively analyze real couple's behavior in their real typically appearing conflict interaction. Those are described in the theoretical part of this thesis, in chapter 1. Findings from yet unpublished studies that were presented at conferences and are relevant to specific topics are included as well as one case study illustrating dominance ascription complexity. The...
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Habitat colonization by neophyte Impatiens glandulifera and estimate of factors limiting its spread
Rumlerová, Zuzana
Invasive spread of neophyte Impatiens glandulifera in central Europe started approximatelly eighty years ago. First records of dense cover stands come from belt stands in riparian habitats. The scale of invaded habitats and degree of the dominance of I. glandulifera is more diversified nowadays. This thesis is objected on the dominance and fertility of I. glandulifera within different habitat types and scale of invaded habitats in different parts of invaded range within Europe (i. e. in Czech Republic and Switzerland). The results show that the height and cover (substitutes for biomass and dominance) of this neophyte (i) correlates with the character of invaded vegetation (ii) relates to the degree of hemeroby (a measure of human impact) negativelly, and (iii), of course, both the growth and dominance are positively affected by nutrient content. Fertility does not differ among the types of invaded habitats, but goes up with the height of I. glandulifera and decreases with its cover. Invaded habitats comprises ruderal and riparian vegetation, but also wet maedows, forest clearances, beach and slope forests or weed vegetation.
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Hierarchy and human behavior. BDSM as an alternative sexual behaviour.
Jozífková, Eva ; Weiss, Petr (advisor) ; Bob, Petr (referee) ; Zvěřina, Jaroslav (referee)
Preferences for sexual arousal by overstated dominance and submission in sex is categorized as F65.5, sadomasochism, according to ICD, but this behaviour is called BDSM among the general public. The ground of these preferences could be ultimately biological. These preferences reflect behavioural strategy which enables to gain higher reproductive success. Men and women who were sexually aroused by a submissive partner had more male relatives than men and women with other preferences. Contrary to the women, the dominant men reported themselves as more attractive. Women who were aroused by a higher-ranking partner considered themselves more attractive. Sons of couples in which was hierarchical disparity had more siblings than sons of "equal" couples or couples with no hierarchical disparity. Daughters of hierarchically disparate couples had more brothers than daughters of "both dominant" partners. Concurrently, number and gender of offspring as well as self- reported attractiveness are likely to be criteria of the reproductive success in humans. It is also interesting that hierarchically disparate couples, without regard to gender of higher-ranking partner, reached higher reproductive success than "equal" couples. Individuals who preferred higher- or lower-ranking partner were also aroused by...
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Interaction between hierarchy, personality traits and melanin-based colouration in pigeons (Columba livia domestica)
Vohralíková Houšková, Markéta ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
An individual position in social hierarchy is the key mechanism, how an individual could gain a priority access to more quality food resources, find an attractive sexual partner to reproduce and find territory with low predation risk and maintain its fitness in total. Personality is supposed to be an important factor how an individuals keep their positions in social groups. The consistent individual variability in aggressive behaviour is closely related to the expression of melanin-based colouration and testosterone levels in blood. More explorative, aggressive, bolder and darker-coloured individuals are supposed to achieve higher dominance rank in social structures. But this prediction was barely tested. The main aims of this diploma thesis were: to find consistent individual variability in social and non-social context to confirm personality traits and to define connection between an individual variability in agonistic and explorative behaviour and melanin-based colouration in relation to social rank in experimental group of domestic pigeons (Columba liva f. domestica) under human care. Unfortunately, personality could not be defined and even more, there was no significant correlation between dominant position in social hierarchy and individual behavioural variability in social and non-social...
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