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The role of intestinal microbiota in the development of Alzheimer's dementia
Hakenová, Kristina ; Valeš, Karel (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Preserving health at a higher age depends on the function of biological homeostatic systems (neural endocrine and immune activities), where the biological interaction between these systems and the intestinal microflora plays a key role. One of the most serious diseases associated with aging is Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and it is the most common cause of dementia in the world. This disease is accompanied by cognitive impairment associated with accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary fibres in brain tissue. Naturally, biological changes occur during the process of aging, resulting in reduced functional capacity of the organism, accompanied by an increased risk of inflammatoryprocesses involved in the etiology of several chronic, pathologies, including neurodegenerative processes. These modulatory processes are associated with oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis. It is already well documented in the scientific literature that significant changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota occur in aging. These changes can lead to several biological changes, including increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, thereby causing the increased penetration of many biologically active substances into the body. This may be a risk factor for the development of inflammation in both...
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Variability in selected haematological traits related to gastrointestinal microbiota in parrots (Psittaciformes)
Dlugošová, Sylvie ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Volf, Jiří (referee)
Thousands of parrots all over the world suffer from illnesses and medical complications that can result from interactions between their immune system and bacteria in their digestive tract. The aim of this master's thesis is to understand the link between symptoms of these medical issues, the composition of blood and gastrointestinal microbiota in parrots. Using the hematological methods, 198 blood samples representing 53 parrot species were analyzed. The composition of microbiome was defined by combination of a molecular approach using bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 132 fecal samples, 12 intestine samples, 228 cloacal swabs and 236 beak swabs representing in total 61 parrot species and a diagnostic approach by psittacine fecal Gram's stain method. Significant association of hematological parameters with individual, environmental and clinical factors was observed, as well as its considerable interspecific variability. Absolute heterophile and lymphocyte counts have been shown more useful for infectious and autoimmune disease monitoring than H/L ratio. Relative numbers of basophiles were the best indicator for behavioral disorders. In relation to hematological parameters, the effect of the bacterial family Flavobacteriaceae, as part of the oral microbiota, and the bacteria Escherichia or...
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Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
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Mechanisms of microbiota regulation during the estrous cycle of the house mouse.
Dodoková, Alica ; Stopková, Romana (advisor) ; Janotová, Kateřina (referee)
There is a very few papers to provide an overview of the characteristics of the estrous cycle, the relationship of the estrous cycle to physiological manifestations such as the pH of the vaginal environment, as well as the dynamics of the vaginal microbiota in wild mice. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dynamic relationship between external influences and the physiology of the female reproductive system, to develop a reliable methodology for measuring the pH of the vaginal microenvironment in mice as well as to quantify the overall abundance of some bacterial taxons by comparing sequencing and qPCR methods. The results suggest that the physical presence of the male in the cage has the most significant effect on the prolongation of the estrus phase, in contrast to non-significant olfactory stimulation of the urine. Fluctuation in the pH of the vaginal environment have also been shown to be cyclic, and the qPCR method shows that the composition of the vaginal microbiota, during the estrus phase, differs significantly from other phases of the estrous cycle, as we confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Thus, these results provide a comprehensive view of the variability of the estrous cycle with an emphasis on the variability of the vaginal microbiota and the change in the...
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Influence of intestinal microbiota on development of neurodegenerative diseases
Hakenová, Kristina ; Valeš, Karel (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Aging is associated with natural biological changes, which result in a decrease in the functional capacity of the body, which is also accompanied by an increased incidence of inflammatory processes that contribute to the development of neurodegeneration. The intestinal microbiota and its interaction with the intestine and the central nervous system play a key role in maintaining the function of biological homeostatic systems at an older age. This opens the possibility of influencing or modifying human microbiota for the development of therapeutic strategies. Based on the analysis of stool samples by HPLC MS / MS, the study confirmed the effect of selected probiotics on the modification of metabolic pathways and the proper functioning of the microbiota per se. The greatest effects were observed on tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis metabolism. A positive effect of selected probiotic bacteria was found in the memory component of cognitive functions. Significant improvements were observed in verbal learning and verbal memory. In subjects with mild cognitive impairment, the progression of cognitive deficit has been slowed. Significant improvement was also observed for executive functions. These findings were not followed by a subjective...
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Phenolic acids in plants
Klížová, Lucie ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Janoušek, Jiří (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY PHARMACEUTICAL FACULTY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Title of the Diploma thesis: FENOLIC ACIDS IN PLANTS Candidate: Lucie Klížová Supervisor: PharmDr. Jana Karlíčková, Ph.D. Diploma thesis 2020/2021, pp. 153 Phenolic acids belongs between secondary metabolites, which are part of fruits, vegetables, cereals and other plants of different families. For example, it can be plants of family Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Ericaceae, which contain significant amounts of these substances. In plants phenolic acids play an important role and they have many human health-promoting effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer activity and other. Plants containing phenolic acids are preferably also used as antidiabetics, expectorants, insecticides, hypolipidemics, cardioprotective and neurological compounds, etc. The content of these compounds in plants may be different according to monitored cultivar, the place of growth, the time of harvest and many other aspects. Presence, identification and subsequent quantification of individual phenolic acids are usually done through the HPLC and MS methods and total content of these compounds is determined through the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The diploma thesis is a literature...
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Probiotics, their influence on health and probiotic food
Hondlíková, Tereza ; Dostálová, Jana (advisor) ; Plocková, Milada (referee)
Probiotics are living microorganisms which show positive effects on human health if consumed in a sufficient quantity. Probiotics have been under a lot of research recently, however their effectiveness in terms of treatment or prevention of diseases has not been supported by a sufficient number of studies and research yet. The thesis summarizes the existing knowledge about probiotics, characterizes individual types of probiotic organisms, describes possible sources of probiotics and their impact on human health. Theoretical part of the thesis deals with the definition of the concept of probiotics, also describes prebiotics and synbiotics which are closely related to this topic. characteristics of individual groups of probiotics as well as their impact on human health and possible use in the treatment of diseases as a form of biological treatment are also included. Furthermore the sources of probiotics both in the form of foods containing probiotics and in the form of probiotic dietary supplements are described. At the end of the theoretical part, recommendations for receiving and selecting a suitable source of probiotics are summarized. The aim of the practical part was to find out if the general public is aware of probiotics. Questions about preferences in the selection and consumption of...
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Capacity of probiotics to affect innate lymphoid cells type 3
Věcek, Jan ; Hrdý, Jiří (advisor) ; Schwarzer, Martin (referee)
Innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) are a group of relatively newly discovered lymphocytes that lack an antigen-specific receptor. Nevertheless, their important role of immune regulators on mucous membranes is evident. In addition to the development of lymphoid tissue in embryogenesis, and during ontogenesis, postnatally, ILC3 are mainly involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and controlling intestinal microbiota. ILC3 produces various cytokines that stimulate surrounding intestinal cells to produce antimicrobial peptides and maintain epithelial wall integrity. The major cytokine produced by ILC3 is IL-22. Th17 lymphocytes and ILC3 are similar in many respects but differ significantly in some functions. ILC3 can regulate adaptive immunity cells towards an antimicrobial response without inducing inflammation. They are also directly connected to cells of the nervous system. Some probiotic bacterial strains produce metabolites that directly affect ILC3. This mechanism could be used in new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate the severity of diseases where changes in microbiota composition and function are inducing proinflammatory responses of the host. Key words: innate lymphoid cells; IL-22; antimicrobial peptides; probiotics; microbiota
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