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The Interference Effect on Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals
Jonáš, Juraj ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Brandoburová, Petra (referee) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
(English) Bilingualism is currently an issue of broad study within fields of psychology and cognitive neuroscience. It points not only to the cognitive or even health benefits of this phenomenon, but also to its risks. However, research is hampered by the immense variety of manifestations of bilingualism. Each bilingual has a unique linguistic history with each of their languages. Some phenomena, such as the age of acquisition of a second language, or the level of proficiency of a second language, are better explored. However, other factors, such as the similarity of the languages used by a bilingual has only recently begun to be studied. This thesis focuses on the influence of the similarity of the bilingual's language on their language processing. In the EEG experiment, the technique of evoked potentials has been used, specifically, the N200 (inhibitory) and N400 (semantic) waves have been monitored. These are probably the most frequently studied evoked potentials in bilingual subjects. Participants are divided into three groups according to the similarity of their languages: participants with similar languages (Slovak-Czech), bilingual with partially similar languages (Russian-Czech) and participants with different languages (German-Czech). A difference in the N200 effect was not observed...
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Stigmatization towards persons with higher body-weight
Beníčková, Tereza ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (advisor) ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (referee)
Over the last few decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically, with increased interest in the issue of stigmatization of overweight and obese people. The theoretical part of this thesis summarizes the existing knowledge in this area and describes the form of weight stigma in various areas of life - in the work area, in medical care and in the media. Foreign studies claim that weight stigma is not only present in these and other areas of life, but that it has various negative effects on the psyche and health of a stigmatized individual. Although research in this area is at an early stage, there is already evidence of a relationship of weight stigma and pathological eating behavior, affective disorders or negative body image. However, psychological intervention and therapy offer satisfactory tools to work with the stigmatization theme. The weight stigma is not a topic in the Czech Republic, despite its expanding abroad. The research carried out within the empirical part of the thesis is an initial attempt to map out the phenomenon of stigmatization of overweight and obese people in the Czech environment. For the purpose of the thesis, a questionnaire was drawn up and subsequently used in experimental design. The questionnaire investigated whether the assessment of...
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Association of self-disturbances and hallucinations in schizophrenia
Melicharová, Julie ; Niederlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (referee)
Schizophrenia is accompanied by distortion of all mental functions, including thinking, speech, motivation, perception or general experiencing of the world and oneself. Theoretical part of the thesis describes the process of schizophrenia and its symptoms with focus on auditory hallucinations, which roughly 70% of people with schizophrenia have some experience with. Main contribution of the theoretical part is the summary of the self- disturbances concept, which incorporates for instance loss of control over parts of mental experience, disruption of boundaries between the person and its surroundings and other similar aspects that are for a person who never experienced them almost unimaginable, and are difficult to explain even for an individual who does experience these disturbances of oneself. The thesis puts theoretical outcomes of self-disturbances into perspective, as well as current approaches and knowledge. First part of the research validates that the newly developed method for measurement of self-disturbances acquires sufficient internal consistency. Results of the next part confirm that the self-disturbances measure varies among patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers in all of the individual domains. Last research part presents relationships between currently experienced...
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Feasibility of Non-Pharmacological Intervention in Therapy of Cognition Deficit in Czech Schizophrenia Patients - Computer-assisted Cognitive Remediation
Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia ; Šípek, Jiří (advisor) ; Horáček, Jiří (referee) ; Kulišťák, Petr (referee)
There is a body of scientific literature describing cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and the possibility of its remediation. However, in the Czech Republic, there have been so far just few studies that examined the topic. The objective of this work was to explore the feasibility of non-pharmacological intervention in the form of computer-assisted cognitive remediation of Czech schizophrenia patients with diagnosed cognitive deficit. Our results confirmed the positive short-term effect of targeted remediation of selective domains of cognitive deficit in patients with schizophrenia. Our findings suggested that 5 working memory function is the domain most sensitive to the structured intervention. These results are consistent not only with findings from other published studies that used similar computer method for remediation, but also with other studies that used different approaches. In addition, working memory function improved in the generalized form (visual intervention improved auditive function). Key words: Schizophrenia, cognition, deficit, remediation, computer
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Self-compassion and shame in patients with anxiety disorder
Dvořáková, Marika ; Loneková, Katarína (advisor) ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (referee)
Many researches deal with a wide range of cause of anxiety disorders, which may include various untreated traumas, physiological causes, cognitive distortion or learned reactions. Anxiety disorders tend to create so-called the vicious circle of stress and anxiety that closes the patients, leads them to social isolation and gradual loss of life certainty. Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illness. Major types are introduced in the thesis and they are connected with the concepts of self- compassion, shame-proneness and guilt-proneness, which have been studied abroad in recent years. The research part then brings the results of the role of self-compassion, shame- proneness and guilt-proneness in experiencing clinical anxiety, confirming the assumption that patients suffering from anxiety show a significantly lower level of self- compassion, a higher shame-proneness and internalized shame. Guilt-proneness does not show a relation with self-compassion. Details are discoussed. Key words: anxiety self-compassion shame internalized shame guilt
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Weakened mental flexibility and inhibition control in obsessive-compulsive disorders in respect to the dimensional model of the disorder.
Slezáková, Markéta ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
Mental flexibility and inhibitory control are mental functions important for adaptive functioning human beings. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by an inability to resist compulsive thoughts and actions and it is associated with cognitive deficits in various cognitive domains. This thesis describes the theoretical background related to a possible deficit in the field of inhibitory control and mental flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder in respect to the dimensional model of the disorder. The model was created as an answer to the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms and takes into account subtypes of the disorder, which differ in some characteristics. Data analysis in this work deals with inhibitory control in obsessive compulsive disorder at two levels. The first part of the research compares patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with healthy controls. The second part of the research takes into account the dimensional model and subtypes of OCD and deals with inhibitory control with respect to the dimensional model of the disorder. The results of the research showed a difference between patients and healthy controls in cognitive inhibition control measured by the Stroop test. The deficit in behavioral inhibitory control measured by the Go / No-go test and the Stop signal test...
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False memories in individuals with depression
Fišerová, Barbora ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the phenomenon of false memories in connection with depressive disorder. The literary overview introduces the issue of false memories and presents three fundamental paradigms associated with their formation: the implantation paradigm, the misinformation paradigm, and the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. The second chapter deals with depressive disorder, its characteristics, and its effects on the creation of false memories. The aim of the research project proposal is to determine whether individuals with a diagnosis of depressive disorder are more susceptible to the formation of false memories, and whether the production of false memories increases when exposed to stimuli with a negative connotation. The proposed research uses the DRM paradigm. Keywords False memories; Depressive disorder; DRM paradigm; Misinformation paradigm; Implantation paradigm; Memory distortion
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Neuropsychological diagnosis of spatial neglect after brain injury
Kersch, Jakub ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis focuses on the issue of spatial neglect and its neuropsychological diagnostics. The theoretical part of the thesis first summarizes recent knowledge about the neglect and offers its classification, which maps the heterogeneous nature of the disorder. Furthermore, two areas of diagnostic methods aimed at neglect detection are discussed, which are the classic "paper-pencil" tests and functional tests. Finally, these methodological areas are put into relationship, the work discusses their possible complementarity and also their use in clinical practice. In the empirical part we focus on selected classic methods and their ability to diagnose mild neglect in the Czech population. For 64 patients, we compared the sensitivity of the Bells test, the line bisection test, and the scene copying test using different criteria. We also examined double dissociations and relationships between tests, and then the relationships between the ability of instruments to detect neglect and the characteristics of probands. The results mostly confirmed the findings of the theoretical part of the thesis. The sensitivity of the methods was low and variable, there were double dissociations between the line bisection test and the other tests, and there were practically no statistically significant correlations...
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The concepts of sense of coherence and sense of national coherence as predictive resources of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Miková, Barbora ; Šípová, Ivana (advisor) ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (referee)
Given the negative consequences the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to both the physical and mental health, there is a growing need to find the ways how to support and strengthen psychological resilience and mental health of the individuals in such an unprecedent situation. Consequently, this thesis explores the A. Antonovsky's salutogenetic model of health with a focus on the concepts of sense of coherence (SOC) and sense of national coherence (SONC) as potential predictors of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. In the theoretical part, the topic of mental health, it's coneptualisation and predictors are presented, with an emphasis on the concepts of SOC and SONC. Additionally, the review of present research on mental health during COVID-19 pandemic is included. The research project analyses the data obtained through an online survey as a part of an international research study investigating the predictive factors of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection in Czech sample was conducted in December 2020 and January 2021, using the Mental Health Continuum, SOC-13 and SONC scales. The sample included 476 participants. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the SOC as a significant predictor of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic among Czech sample. However, the predictive value...
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