|
|
Human nature as a task. On human nature in the Nicomachean Ethics
Synek, Stanislav ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee) ; Špinka, Štěpán (referee)
Title: Human Nature as a Man's Task. Study of Human Nature in the Nicomachean Ethics Author: Mgr. Stanislav SYNEK Department: Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Jan SOKOL, Ph.D., CSc. Abstract: The thesis concentrates on two basic concepts of Aristotle's ethics: happiness (EUDAIMONIA) and (human) nature (FYSIS). It's main aim is to show that human nature is not a state into which an individual is born but an end that is to be achieved through excellent, i.e. virtuous activity during the course of the whole human life. In chapter one ethics is introduced as a theoretical enquiry that is trying to understand the true nature of this end (EUDAIMONIA). This enquiry must be based on practical effort of acquiring the requisite excellence, which is shown in chapters two and three. The best human life consists in performing excellent actions. Thus excellence is a criterion of what is good or bad in terms ofliving the best way life. But excellence for Aristotle is not a general concept: it is always a disposition of some individual that is manifested in his actions and in the way he understands variable actual situations. Emphasis on excellence so understood means also that human nature demonstrates itself not (only) in what is usual or common but also on what is...
|
|
|
Invisible subjects of human rights
Svárovská, Gabriela ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Moree, Dana (referee) ; Kandert, Josef (referee)
The idea of universal applicability of human rights has been a symbol of hope that peace and justice in the world is possible, since the late 1940s. Although it is a fiction, and anthropology can proof this bringing countless evidence, strong general awareness of this idea still inspires many in their strive for freedom and dignity as well as opposition to violence. The aim of this thesis is to bring two controversial examples, illustrating how and why value-driven struggle for promotion of human rights fails. The aim is nevertheless not to compromise this noble idea but to contribute to its more thorough understanding as well as more effective implementation. A chapter on so called female genital circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation) offers critical analyses of the international campaign for eradication of this practice, led by international feminist movement since the late 1970s. The attention is drawn mainly to manipulation of facts and unfair argumentation, thanks to which the so called female genital circumcision was labelled cruel practice of backward societies serving degradation and control of women, making more structured understanding of reality impossible. A chapter dedicated to abortion tries to see political and cultural influences hidden under the surface of debate on...
|
|
|
Crime and Punishment in the Eyes of Cesare Beccaria: An Analysis of an Enlightenment Penal Law Reform
Bojar, Tomáš ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Wintr, Jan (referee) ; Tinková, Daniela (referee)
Crime and Punishment in the Eyes of Cesare Beccaria An Analysis of an Enlightenment Penal Law Reform The Ph.D. dissertation is centred around a relatively concise, but extremely influential book: Cesare Beccaria's treatise On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene). This work, first published in 1764, sums up in a clear, yet intellectually penetrating way all the main Enlightenment principles of a complex penal law reform. In its time, the book was not only of great philosophical importance and it not only changed the way western societies perceived crime and punishment, but it also served as a concrete guideline for various penal law reformers. It is therefore by no means an overstatement to say that it caused a true paradigm shift in both legal and moral philosophy. The main aim of the thesis is to give a legal-philosophical account of Beccaria's thoughts on crime and punishment, to examine their historical as well as moral background and show the actual impact they had on the legislation of many different, mainly European states. The first chapters of the dissertation are focused on Beccaria's life, his intellectual background and his formative influences (particularly the French, English and Scottish Enlightenment, the social contract theory, utilitarianism, Montesquieu's thoughts on penal...
|
|
|
Narrative identity in biographical narratives of extremist scene leaders in Central Europe
Zelenda Kupcová, Adéla ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Moree, Dana (referee) ; Müller, Karel (referee)
Narrative identity in biographical narratives of extremist scene leaders in Central Europe Mgr. Adéla Zelenda Kupcová Abstract: Dissertation Narrative identity in biographical narratives of extremist scene leaders in Central Europe deals with analysis of biographical narratives of the extremist scene's prominent leaders in select Central European countries (the former German Democratic Republic, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary). It is based on the theory of social constructivism, and its aim is to analyze how and under what experience the leading representatives of the extremist scene construct their narrative identities, what life events have influenced their attitudes and worldviews, how they present themselves and how they understand themselves and their roles in life. It is focused mainly on the narrators' personal myths and life themes that they indicate as essential. Key words: political extremism, narrative, identity, personal myth, value, cultural pessimism
|
|
|
Clinical research etics informed consent in clinical trial
Peterová, Marie ; Haškovcová, Helena (advisor) ; Sokol, Jan (referee) ; Holmerová, Iva (referee)
For several decades Clinical trials are a "back-bone" of new drug development. Even if Ethical codices and following legislation have been actualized many times professionals are still critical to it. There is no better way than to respect valid legislation. I am interested if valid legislation that applies to informed consent of the subject participating in the clinical trial is being followed in common practice. Methodology of World Health Organization which is called Rapid Assessment and Response was applied. It has been shown by this research that deviations from the law of informed consent process are numerous. Deviations from the law of informed consent process were found in case of investigators with very rich clinical trial experience. It has been shown that errors and oversights of Investigators are not only factual nature but also ethical nature. Ethical aspects of Investigator's errors and oversights are very often overshadowed. That is why the effort was made to detailed detection of these ethical aspects in the context of informed consent. Due to the importance of informed consent process and on the basis of this research sponsors and regulatory authorities should ensure improvement of current situation. It is important to monitor current situation by organizing of similar research to...
|
|
|
The Home of the Phenomenologists. The Circle of Bergzabern in the Contextof the Early Phenomenological Movement.
Feldes, Joachim ; Sepp, Hans Rainer (advisor) ; Sokol, Jan (referee) ; Ales Bello, Angela (referee)
The Bergzabern Circle, whose significance was first identified by Herbert Spiegelberg in his Phenomenological Movement and later underscored by Eberhard Avé-Lallemant, is one of the groups of critical importance to Edith Stein, due to her life-long focus on the communities within and through which she lived and for which she felt responsible. This applies, of course, to her family and to religious communities such as the Cologne and the Echt Carmel, as well as to groups within the Phenomenological Movement and the movement itself. Stein was a member of the inner circle alongside Theodor Conrad, Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Jean Hering, Hans Lipps, Alexandre Koyré and the hitherto much neglected Alfred von Sybel. In Stein's thinking and work after World War I, she benefits substantially from this exchange of ideas, and many of her propositions cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to this circle. For example, any account of her Speyer Years (1923-31) that fails to adequately discuss Stein's relationships with and visits to Bergzabern, must remain incomplete, as it lacks an essential dimension of Stein's personality. What shaped the group's beginnings and its goals was the young phenomenologists' turning away from the 'transcendental' Husserl and towards Reinach in the Göttingen Philosophical...
|
|
|
The issue of moral education in Czech schools
Šťastná, Kamila ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Pelcová, Naděžda (referee) ; Haškovcová, Helena (referee)
The thesis deals with moral (ethical) education in Czech schools. It tries to extend the current complementary discipline of ethical education by the Konstanz Method of Dilemma- Discussion (hereinafter KMDD) whose objective is to develop moral competence. For this purpose, it follows the tradition of moral education in Czech schools and pays attention to the diversity of the concept of moral education. It introduces the main psychological backgrounds of moral education and also the theories that focus on the "measurement" of morality. The thesis analyses the contemporary Czech concept of ethical education, maps the situation of moral education with respect to our neighbours, and then presents the Konstanz Method of Dilemma-Discussion. Part of the dissertation is its research section in which Czech pupils were subjected to a KMDD examination through research. Keywords: moral education, ethics education, method, concept, tradition, measurement of morality, Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion
|
|
|
Emmanuel Levinas on human freedom and relation to the other
Hreško, Ján ; Pelcová, Naděžda (advisor) ; Sokol, Jan (referee) ; Vogel, Jiří (referee)
Emmanuel Levinas on human freedom and relation to the other Ján Hreško ABSTRACT This dissertation deals with the philosophical problem of human freedom from an intersubjective and ethical point of view. It interprets and elaborates Emmanuel Levinas' understanding of freedom and shows that he paid considerable attention to this issue in his works. The thesis is based primarily on the formulation of this problem in his main post-war works but makes its thematic elaboration. It shows what role freedom plays within his ethics and its key ideas. The research follows the constitution of freedom of the corporal and economic being. It explains the criticism of freedom, the argument of justifying freedom and finally its investiture. Separately it focuses on the question of human position in history. Finally, it clarifies Levinas' main claim that responsibility precedes freedom. At the same time, it asks: In what sense did Levinas understand the ambiguous concept of freedom? Are there more notions of freedom? What is the relationship between my freedom and the freedom of the other? What does it mean that acceptance of ethical demand does not depend on my will or choice? And what is the positive significance of responsibility for the other? The main thesis of this work can be expressed as follows: according to...
|
|
|
Ethics of Philanthropy
Kroupa, Jan ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Pospíšilová, Tereza (referee) ; Hyánek, Vladimír (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Humanities Applied Ethics Ethics of Philanthropy Annotation of Doctoral Thesis Mgr. Jan Kroupa Supervised by: prof. PhDr. Jan Sokol, CSc., Ph.D. 2020 ANNOTATION The increase in private wealth in our cultural circuits has been unprecedented which fosters growth in private philanthropy. Charitable giving has been on a rise throughout the western world, including the Czech Republic, where we can document long-term and steady growth in both the number of charitable gifts as well as in the amount donated. In parallel, on the beneficiary side, there is a stabilized sector of well-established civic organizations covering the standard array of charitable topics. We may state that following 1989, the Czech civic sector has been revived, showing - despite all challenges - most signs of healthy maturing. In this paper, we attempted to capture the cultural and social context of philanthropy from the point of view of practical philosophy. We examined the rich roots of philanthropy and described the processes of its institutionalization until now. We paid special attention to describing the current situation of philanthropic giving in the Czech Republic. On basis of the above, we debated some of the dilemmatic questions of today's philanthropy, such as selecting the beneficiary and donor...
|
|
|
The role of spontaneous volunteers in the dynamic humanitarian system
Smejkal, Richard ; Pinc, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Sokol, Jan (referee) ; Murgaš, Jaromír (referee)
Increasingly, we hear that the humanitarian system has exhausted its potential and is over the abyss. The volume of funds, the number of humanitarian organizations and the number of rescued people are growing year after year. Nevertheless, the gap between needs and real humanitarian assistance is steadily increasing. Traditional humanitarian actors have been unsuccessfully looking for ways to repair the system that once worked well. Attempts at financial and institutional reform fail, and the debate on humanitarian principles annoys the main actors. This work shows that the traditional humanitarian system is only a part of the larger ecosystem of humanitarian assistance, and analyzes the external influences it fails to cope with in the last decade, and why minor repairs and corrections are not enough and a new system architecture is needed. The author identifies new humanitarian actors with whom the traditional system does not count and points to spontaneous volunteers as a group with dynamic potential and ability to create a parallel system to professional disaster and emergency managers. Since it is an undervalued and overlooked actor, the author refines the definition of spontaneous volunteering. Using the case studies of the Cajun Navy in Louisiana (U.S.) and the confessions of medical rescuers...
|
guest ::
RSS feed.