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Genetic risk factors of Alzheimer's disease
Foltýnová, Alice ; Telenský, Petr (advisor) ; Čechová, Kateřina (referee)
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that mostly affects the elderly population and since our lifespan increases, Alzheimer's disease is one of the most serious diseases of the 21st century. There are two types of Alzheimer's disease, namely familial (FAD) and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) that differ in the age of onset and contribution of the genetic factors - the familial form is genetically predisposed whereas the genes involved in the sporadic form are perceived as risk factors. However, their clinical manifestation is similar. Alzheimer's disease causes dementia that is characterized by memory loss and a steady decline in the early stages. Unfortunately, there are still many discrepancies regarding Alzheimer's disease and there are multiple approaches in research concerning Alzheimer's disease. One of the possible approaches in finding new mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease is in genetics - we can findnew genetic loci involved in this disease and investigate new mechanisms via studying newly identified genes. Key words: sporadic form of AD, familiar form of AD, beta amyloid, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein, presenilin, genome wide association study
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The role of aging and stress in autophagy
Čechová, Kateřina ; Vrajová, Monika (advisor) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Autophagy is a nonspecific catabolic mechanism, important for maintaining the cellular homeostasis. Stress condition can increase the activity and support the cell survival. It is well known that normal and pathological aging are associated with a reduced autophagic potential and that experimental induction of autophagy leads to higher longevity of certain model organisms. This decreasing may be facilitated by other factors, such as chronic stress. Higher age and chronic stress are two factors contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, in this context the mechanism of autophagy is now actively studied. We wanted to know if and how the combination of these two factors may influence the activity of autophagy. In our study, we investigated the role of aging and chronic stress, induced by social isolation in Wistar rats at the age of 6 (N= 16) and 12 (N= 16) months. The animals in experimental groups were separated in the individual cages for 4 weeks. Control groups animals were housed in the pair. We measured the markers of autophagy expression (Beclin-1, LC3-II, mTOR) in the hippocampus and striatum of socially isolated and control groups animals. We measured the expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) in the hippocampus of the same animals. Our results showed that older...
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Episodic-like memory changes during aging
Čechová, Kateřina ; Vlček, Kamil (advisor) ; Stehlík, Luděk (referee)
The Diploma thesis is concerned with the human episodic-like memory and its changes during the course of healthy ageing. Episodic memory represents a memory of specific events and their spatiotemporal relations, involving conscious retrieval and mental time travel. As a testable analogy in animals, a concept of episodic-like memory has been suggested and defined as a memory of spatiotemporal location of a certain event in the past ("what-where-when"). Firstly, we focused on a methodological comparison of standard psychological tests of episodic memory and a novel non-verbal computer-based Episodic-Like Memory Test (EMT) with several variants of varying difficulty, capable of discerning the memory for pictures, their sequence and position (Vlček et al., 2009). The second goal of our study was to demonstrate the applicability of the concept of episodic-like memory ("what- where-when") as a model in the testing of human episodic memory. Compared with other tests of episodic memory, EMT test does not depend on the verbalization of content. Contrasting the results obtained from EMT and other standard tests was, therefore, of interest. The results from the EMT test were compared across three age cohorts (N = 58; young, middle-aged, aged) of healthy volunteers. In the spatial domain of episodic-like...
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Autophagy as a biochemical phenomenon of neurodegeneration
Čechová, Kateřina ; Vrajová, Monika (advisor) ; Žurmanová, Jitka (referee)
Autophagy is a nonspecific catabolic process which targets damaged organelles, proteins and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy becomes less efficient with normal and also with accelerated aging. Electron microscopy studies on brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease provide evidence that autophagy is involved in the neurodegenerative process. Stimulation of autophagy has a neuroprotective effect and help to degrade changed or aggregated proteins.
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The digital database of selected tree species
Kvasnicová, Denisa ; Kunt, Miroslav (advisor) ; Čechová, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis is dedicated to approximately 50 woody plants species of the selected genus: Metasequoia, Picea, Taxodium, Hamamelis, Magnolia, Syringa and Tilia, which I was picturing during the whole year through different vegetation periods to achieve the best pictures. I studied habitus of the woody plant, verso and face of the leaf, buds, blossoms, bark or other interesting and important details. I edited pictures and macropictures in Microsoft Office Picture Manager Programme in order to focus on the substantial character, general appearance or detail which I wanted to document. I also used this programme to avoid the picture compromitation by graphic editing. The place I visited the most was the Dendrological park in Průhonice, where I found a lot of selected species. Furthermore, I was in the Troja Botanic park, in Charles University Botanic park (located on the Na Slupi street), in the ČZU area and in Libosad. Finally, according to the instructions from Ing. Miroslav Kunt, Ph.D., I saved each photograph to the online database mapserver (http://www.hsrs.cz/mapserv/czu_dhtml/) with a brief description.
The literature search focus in its first part on a history of garden art, where I am discussing different regions and garden styles. This part also contains a brief description of the most famous architects connected to the topic, such as André Le Nôtre or William Kent. The second part is dedicated to landscape dendrology and its importance. This chapter describes functions, landscape values and importance of the woody plants in the composition. Next chapter describes the woody plants climatic natural habitats and their distribution in cities. The final part of the literature search is dedicated to the healing effects of mentioned plants and their use as a part of home remedies. It suggests which parts of the plant can be used and when to collect them or which substances have medical effects. I also described few examples of tea, honey, baths and inhalation recipes. Following chapter focuses on taxonomic classification and characteristics of individual species. Here, besides the plants specifics, natural habitats, homeland and requirements for cultivation, we can also find the name origin, interesting cultivars and some pictures.
At the end of the work there is a list of some photos taken as a supplement.
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Crisis intervention via electronic communication (on-line chat, on-line videochat)
Čechová, Kateřina ; Havránková, Olga (advisor) ; Lišková, Kateřina (referee)
This diploma disertation deals with the topic of on-line crisis intervention (KI further on in the text) in the Czech Republic (CR), specifically the service functioning of the online chat and videochat. This topic has not been paid attention to so far. The topic concerned is a rather new service area which provides service to the clients in a difficult situation on the internet and which has been working for past few years in a few KI centres (workplaces). No professional has tried to search it systematically or describe it in more detail yet. Considering the fact the internet is a widely used medium in our population nowadays, a high future potential of these services can be expected in the field of psychosociology. Therefore this diploma disertation aims to give a detailed description of the on-line chat and videochat functioning and necessary connections at KI centres (workplaces) in order to create a quidebook to the basics of these services for specialists and amateurs who are interested in this topic. Secondly, this diploma disertation is written to inform about the process of implementing the on-line chat into KI centres (workplaces) at three contemporary providers in CR, and to make the readers understand what the whole process is about. At the same time, this is to compile all the data for a...
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Contemporary e-government politics and digital divide dilemma
Čechová, Kateřina ; Štogrová Jedličková, Petra (advisor) ; Očko, Petr (referee)
Práce se zabývá politikami e-governmentu a problematikou digitální propasti. V úvodní části se věnuje teoretickým východiskům, podmínkám budování elektronické státní správy a překážkám v podobě digitálních propastí ve společnosti. Další část rekapituluje vývoj e-governmentu v České republice a v Evropské unii a představuje současné politiky a řešení. Závěrečná část práce představuje informační společnosti třech vyspělých evropských států - Finska, Německa a Estonska. Jednotlivé kapitoly rozebírají vývoj e-governmentu v těchto státech a zároveň odhalují digitální propasti, se kterými bojují. V případě Estonska jsou navíc popsány i celostátní elektronické volby, které tato země realizovala jako první na světě.
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Reading and its role in the information society
Čechová, Kateřina ; Papík, Richard (advisor) ; Vášová, Lidmila (referee)
Práce se zabývá čtením a jeho významem v informační společnosti. V úvodní části jsou definovány pojmy čtení a informační společnost a jejich vzájemný vztah. Následující kapitol^ se zabývají čtenářem, jeho charakteristikou, vývojem, motivací ke čtení a faktory, u které jeho četbu ovlivňují. Dále se práce zabývá samotným procesem čtení, rychlostí čtení a čtenářskými návyky. Zmíněny jsou také rozdíly mezi četbou odborné literatury a beletrie. Samostatná kapitola je věnována knihovnám a jejich roli v životě čtenářů a při podpoře čtení. V dalších kapitolách jsou popsány nej významnější výzkumy týkající se čtení a četby, které proběhly v České republice i po celém světě. Závěrečná část prácefvenuje mezinárodním organizacím, které se zabývají čtením, jeho podporou a rozvojem.
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