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Pupils' problems when solving problems requiring substitution
Schánělec, Jan ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Novotná, Jarmila (referee)
Title: Pupils' problems when solving problems requiring substitution Abstract: The work focuses on 8th and 9th graders' difficulties and mistakes when solving problems using substitution. The theoretical part defines the used concepts and discusses selected results from international comparative studies and studies focusing on substitution. The main goal of the work is to identify pupils' difficulties and mistakes they make when solving problems using substitution and to discover their origin or cause. To achieve this goal the empirical part begins with an analysis of three sets of textbooks used by pupils involved in this research study. This is followed by a description of conducting and subsequent analysis of fifteen clinical interviews on problems with substitution with 14 to 15 year old pupils (9th graders from elementary schools and 3rd graders from lower secondary grammar schools). In the final part the most common mistakes are summarised and relations to their possible origin in the set of textbooks used looked for. The conclusion is that pupils do not have problems with substitution as such when substituting natural numbers into first power variables. However, this does not hold for substitution of variable in the second power. Pupils have problems when substituting for a variable with a negative...
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Current trends in teaching listening
Vognarová, Jana ; Gráf, Tomáš (advisor) ; Quinn Novotná, Veronika (referee)
The present thesis is concerned with the current trends in teaching listening as they have been presented through a number of articles in various journals and mainly in the book by John Field: Listening in the Language Classroom who urges for a process approach, and ascertaining if these new methodological recommendations are finding their way into the classroom practice nowadays through an analysis of a number of frequently used language textbooks. The approach to teaching listening has been developing as a part of many methods used for teaching foreign languages over the years and it has gone from a completely omitted skill through a position of a rather neglected one up to its today status of causing major problems to students who complain that the speakers on the recordings speak too fast or that they cannot understand every single word. It is often the case that students manage to master listening in the confines of the language classroom, learn to cope with typical textbook listening exercises and understand their teachers and classmates, but when confronted with real-life listening outside the classroom, they frequently run into a kind of glasswall and are simply not able to deal with it. The analytical part is based on the analysis of the listening exercises in the very first and newest...
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German language teaching at czech town schools and high schools between 1869 and 1918
Kasinová, Barbora ; Švermová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Nečasová, Pavla (referee)
During the 19th century German language teaching as a foreaing language was significantly changing related to the development of education and the promotion of Czech language as the main teaching language at Czech schools. German language became optional foreign language even though there was a large number of pupils interested in learning German. German was offical language until the estabilishment of an independent Czechoslovak Republic also in Czech lands. In the introduction I focus on the organizational structure of the Czech education system in the Austria-Hungary monarchy between 1869 and 1918. Secondary vocational education was mostly changing and developing at this time, real gymnasiums and various specialization vocational schools were formed. I pay attention to teachers and their education too, since without good teachers there is no chance to have high quality education. The main focus of my work is an overview of the development of teaching methods of modern foreign languages. Development of methods is described chronologically from 17th century and in more detail in 19th century, when the most methods were invented. Instead of Grammar translation method, which was the standard in the teaching of foreaign languages for a very long time, new so called reform methods started to became...
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Teaching Holocaust for High School Literature Classes
Pazderová, Alice ; Holý, Jiří (advisor) ; Králíková, Andrea (referee)
The thesis dedicates to teaching the Holocaust in literature lectures in secondary schools in Rakovník district. It summarizes the development of Czech Holocaust literature and shows how this topic is included in the educational documents. The main aim is the analysis of textbooks and readers used in the lectures of literature in secondary schools. The thesis includes the research on teaching the Holocaust in Rakovník district and the evaluation of individual data, which contains teaching methods, content and use of textbooks and other teaching materials. The aim is the comparison of these data. Key words Holocaust, teaching the Holocaust in secondary schools, analysis of textbooks, Rakovník
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The current position of drill in ELT
Hájková, Jana ; Gráf, Tomáš (advisor) ; Čermák, Jan (referee)
in English Aim of the thesis: The aim of this diploma thesis is to define the term drill and depict its current use within the English lesson and also assess its role within the language school, where drill is used as a primary teaching technique. Drill is a technique which went through its greatest development when the Audiolingual method became widespread but gradually, throughout the time of the Communicative approach, it began to lose popularity. Despite this, the drill has not been completely forgotten. Not only can we see drill exercises in modern textbooks, but we also encounter drill in the classroom. Drill has been defined in the theoretical section, where its forms have also been described. In addition, the use of drill in various different methods has been further elaborated on and the reasons that led to its downfall. Theoretical part: The aim here is to answer a number of questions: Why do teachers use drill? What are the drawbacks? What do learners prefer as an alternative? Why do some learners deliberately sign up for classes in language schools where drill is mainly used and what results and experience the language school has with drill? Practical part: The author describes her own research, which is based on a questionnaire survey done in a language school where drill is used as...
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Pupils' Problems and Mistakes when Manipulating Algebraic Expressions
Bílek, Vladimír ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Žalská, Jana (referee)
The thesis focuses on mistakes and problems in manipulations with the algebraic expressions occurring to pupils at the second level of Elementary school. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part contains description of manipulations with algebraic expressions, selected results of international comparative surveys, and an analysis of related foreign research. Analysis of three series of textbooks, according to which pupils involved in the experimental project are taught, is essential for understanding of possible origins of their mistakes. The classification of mistakes in manipulations with algebraic expressions is included. At the core of the work is the experimental part aiming to identify problems and mistakes of pupils when manipulating and working with algebraic expressions. The participants of the research consisted of six third-grade pupils of an eight-year Grammar school (13-14 years old) and eight ninth-grade pupils of an Elementary school (14-15 years old). Test used for my experiment came from the GA ČR project Critical parts of mathematics in primary school. The investigation was carried out individually with each pupil by the method of monitoring clinical interviews over the solution of the test tasks. The obtained data was qualitatively...
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Word Problems in the First and Scond Year of Primary School
Weinzettel, Pavla ; Kaslová, Michaela (advisor) ; Bureš, Jiří (referee)
TITLE: Word Problems in the First and Second Year of Primary School AUTHOR: Pavla Weinzettel DEPARTMENT: Departmement of Mathematics and Mathematical Education SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Michaela Kaslová ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on word problems in maths books for Year One and Two of primary schools, published by Alter and Prodos. The objective is to analyse the word problems set out in these maths books and to classify them according to the following criteria: context, methods of solution, time management, and non- standard types of maths problems. A partial aim of the thesis is a comparison of the textbook word problem analysis and the analysis of those word problems which the students can create themselves. The conclusions of the work point out the importance of the teacher's role in maths teaching and learning. Teachers should use their judgement when using the published maths books and endeavour to expand on them, taking into consideration the above mentioned criteria in order to increase the students' eagerness to not only to solve the maths problems but also to understand as to why they solved them the way they did. The thesis recommends practical tools for teaching material evaluation and for assessing to what extent the students understand what the purpose of word problems is. KEYWORDS: word problem,...
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Map skills' development in history, mathematics and biology
Havelková, Lenka ; Hanus, Martin (advisor) ; Kučerová, Silvie Rita (referee)
The presented bachelor thesis deals with map skills' development in history, mathematics and biology at lower and upper secondary schools. Map skills tend to be seen as part of geographic skills so the issue related to their development in other subjects isn't researched enough. The first part of this thesis concerns with the use of map skills in everyday life, and summarizes evidence of their importance in various subjects. Based on the research focused on chosen subjects (history, mathematics, biology) are subsequently suggested particular possibilities of map skills' development. The aim of the practical part of this work that examines the development of map skills in terms of intended and implemented curriculum is to evaluate their status in education at Czech schools and also to reflect theoretically oriented chapters. As researched methods the analysis of textbooks and the questionnaire survey are used. Keywords: map, map skills' development, history, mathematics, biology, analysis of textbooks, questionnaire survey
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Transfer between verbal and algebraic descriptions. Pupils' strategies and problems
Novotná, Anežka ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Roubíček, Filip (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to gain insight into the problems that pupils have when switching between verbal and algebraic expressions, through the analysis of their problem-solving processes. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part of the paper contains three sections. The first describes the analysis of three selected Czech textbooks series for primary schools in terms of teaching the concept of variables and algebraic expressions. The next section deals with international comparative research TIMSS and the success of Czech pupils of year 8 in algebra. In the third section, results of international research concerning the issue of transition between verbal and algebraic expressions are described. The main part of the work is the experimental part, it aims to describe the difficulties encountered by pupils in algebra and to identify their likely sources. The basis for the own research was a set of 9 problems based on released TIMSS problems. The target group of pupils was year 9 of primary school, with whom the investigation was carried out via think-aloud interviews. First, a pilot study was conducted on a sample of 3 pupils, during which a set of test problems was checked. The main study involved 8 pupils. The think-aloud interviews were recorded and later...
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Term of evolution and its understanding by students of secondary schools and high schools
Müllerová, Lucie ; Teodoridis, Vasilis (referee) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
This thesis deals with the conception of evolutionary topic in schools and textbooks. It introduces education systems and curricular documents of England, Scotland and the Czech Republic. Based on this information an analysis of biology textbooks was made, which was focused on the theme of evolution. The research included 62 textbooks distributed by 27 different publishers. Comparative SWOT analysis of these textbooks has shown that the concept of biology in general is presented differently, what is also reflected in the interpretation of the studies of evolution. The questionnaire research based on those findings was done in the Czech Republic. It is focused on secondary school and high school pupil's knowledge and their personal opinions about this topic. 586 pupils took part in this research. It was found that in the context of evolutionary processes the pupils have problems to use commonly known biological, or evolutionary terms (e.g. adaptation, evolution of the organisms). On the other hand some pupils can easily define some more complicated evolutionary topics such as Neo-Darwinism. Pupils have quite various personal opinions on the issue of the evolution. Some of them are not interested in this area; the others have many questions about the topic of evolution. Some questions are relevant,...
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