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Development and function of beta-cells
Hamplová, Adéla ; Pavlínková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Insulin producing β-cells are located in the endocrine pancreas. They are a part of pancreatic islets of Langerhans along with α-, β-, δ-, ε- a PP-cells producing glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates glucose uptake into cells and thus contributes to the regulation of energy metabolism. The development of β-cells as well as the development of the pancreas is a complex process. Developmental processes of proliferation, differentiation and total pancreatic organogenesis are best described in the mouse model. The developmental processes and pancreatic functions are regulated by a network of transcription factors. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 is a transcription factor that is expressed in the precursors of endocrine, exocrine and ductal cells. Neurogenin 3 is expressed in precursors of the islets of Langerhans cells. Islet 1 regulates the formation of the islets of Langerhans as well as the pair domains of transcription factors 4 and 6, whose expression is later limited only to β-cells. Transcription factors Islet 1 and Neurod 1 regulate insulin production in β-cells. Mutations in transcription factors lead to the abnormal development and altered function of pancreatic cells, including β-cells. Diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting from defects in...
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Role of Nkx2.5 in development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart
Hámor, Peter ; Sedmera, David (advisor) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Role of Nkx2.5 in development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart Prague 2016 Peter Hámor, B.S. ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of Nkx2.5 gene dosage on electrophysiology of the mouse heart in prenatal stage of its development. The main goal of this work is to search for differences in conduction of electric impulses through the embryonic mouse hearts of different genotype. Special method of capturing the conduction of electric impulse through myocardium, called optical mapping, was used to visualize the electrical activity. Thanks to this method I was able to construct images and videos capturing the spread of the impulse with identification of the beginning of the activation and its direction in the heart. These outputs, or optical maps, help to define anomalies and defects in mutants compared with a normal functioning heart. The thesis focuses on the expression of the transcription factor Nkx2.5 and regulatory components related with the correct formation and physiology of the heart until 9.5 days post coitum. Embryos at this developmental stage were optically mapped and analysed according to their genotype. While the wild type and heterozygote mouse embryos exhibited high degree of similarity, the homozygous mutants were dramatically different. Considering this work...
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Legal aspects of the research into stem cells
Tichá, Jolana ; Šustek, Petr (advisor) ; Salač, Josef (referee)
- anglicky This thesis deals with legal aspects of stem cell research, which in the case of the Czech Republic remains quite disregarded by the general public. The text examines and analyzes the legislation regulating the aforementioned field of research at the international, European and Czech national level in a comprehensive manner. Particular emphasis is placed on legal aspects of embryonic stem cell research, which is also closely related to the legal status of embryo and its protection. The thesis also notes what types of regulatory approaches are adopted in various countries with respect to stem cell research and it subsequently demonstrates these conclusions by examples of Slovak Republic and the United Kingdom. Explanation is set in a broader framework through the introductory chapters that deal with biological and ethical aspects of stem cell research.
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Legal aspects of the research of stem cells
Šolc, Martin ; Šustek, Petr (advisor) ; Salač, Josef (referee)
The thesis deals with an issue of legal aspects of stem cell research with a special emphasis on the use of embryonic stem cells which is connected with the most of ethical and legislative controversies. At first, there are presented biological and ethical aspects of the topic necessary for its understanding. The thesis further analyses related legislation relevant for the research conducted in the Czech Republic. With respect to international law, the thesis focuses mainly on the Council of Europe system of protection of human rights. Then, the thesis presents regulation in primary and secondary European Union law. In the two final chapters, there is presented Czech regulation in the constitutional order (in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) and laws, which is then viewed in European context as moderately permissive and relatively well prepared. Its greatest weakness is the lack of discussion about the topic in the Czech public.
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The role of transcriptional factor Tcf7l1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during differentiation of the head ectoderm.
Mašek, Jan ; Kozmik, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Černý, Robert (referee) ; Procházka, Jan (referee)
Differentiation of the head ectoderm is crucial for the evolutionary diversification of vertebrates. Expression of the genes responsible for this process is orchestrated troughout complex gene regulatory networks that are induced and modulated by Wnt, FGF and BMP signaling pathways. In addition, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in combination with expression of the Wnt antagonists from the rostral-most part of the head ectoderm, represent a key source of information for the regionalization of the tissue along the antero-posterior axis. This allows the differentiation of the anterior ectoderm that gives rise to the anterior neural fold (ANF) and anterior part of the presumptive placodal region (PPR), and more posterior ectoderm where higher levels of active Wnt/β-catenin signaling promote differentiation into the neural crest (NC) and posterior PPR. Although the requirement of Wnt/β-catenin signalling for ANF, PPR and NC development has been intensively studied in non-mammalian vertebrate model organisms, we lack a clear picture about the situation in mammals. Furthermore, current knowledge in mammals has been gathered via experiments on the level of β-catenin and very little is known about the individual roles of the Tcf/Lef transcription factors. Thereby, we decided to manipulate the Tcf7l1, member of the...
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Production and development of haploid mouse embryos
Jettmarová, Dominika ; Fulka, Josef (advisor) ; Petelák, Aleš (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarizes current knowledge of haploid embryos that are used for haploid embryonic stem cell derivation. The subject matter of this background research are production methods of haploid blastocysts of mice (Mus musculus) and the particularities of their development. Haploid blastocysts can be prepared parthenogenetically, gynogenetically or androgenetically. The development of haploid embryos is substantially different from the development of diploid embryos. The division of blastomeres is delayed by several hours and the success rate of development to blastocysts is low. The reason for the impaired development of haploid embryos is hypothesized to be improper activation and/or non-standard gene expression. The follow-up study that utilizes the Primo Vision monitoring system is described in the experimental part. Knowledge of this topic is crucial to raising the effectiveness of haploid blastocyst production and derivation of stable haploid embryonic stem cell lines for further biological and medical research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Legal aspects of stem cell research
Šolc, Martin ; Elischer, David (referee) ; Frinta, Ondřej (referee)
The thesis deals with an issue of legal aspects of stem cell research with a special emphasis on the use of embryonic stem cells which is connected with the most of ethical and legislative controversies. At first, there are presented biological and ethical aspects of the topic necessary for its understanding. The thesis further analyses related legislation relevant for the research conducted in the Czech Republic. With respect to international law, the thesis focuses mainly on the Council of Europe system of protection of human rights. Then, the thesis presents regulation in primary and secondary European Union law. In the two final chapters, there is presented Czech regulation in the constitutional order (in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) and laws, which is then viewed in European context as moderately permissive and relatively well prepared. Its greatest weakness is the lack of discussion about the topic in the Czech public.
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Role of Nkx2.5 on development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart
Hámor, Peter ; Sedmera, David (advisor) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Role of Nkx2.5 on development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart Prague 2015 Bc. Peter Hámor ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of Nkx2.5 gene dosage on electrophysiology of the mouse heart in prenatal stage of its development, in which the physiological functions of the heart fail to function properly. The main goal of this work is to search for differences in conduction of electric impulses through the embryonic mouse heart according to their genotype. Special method of capturing the conduction of electric impulse through myocardium was used for this purpose, called optical mapping. Thanks to this method I was able to construct images and videos capturing transition of the impulse with marked beginning of the activation and its direction in the heart. These outputs, or optical maps, help to define anomalies and defects compared with a normal functioning heart. The thesis focuses on the expression of the transcription factor Nkx2.5 and regulatory components related with the correct formation and physiology of the heart until 9.5 days post coitum. Individuals in this developmental stage were optically mapped and compared according to their genotypes - homozygous non-mutant, heterozygote and homozygous mutant mouse embryos exhibited some degree of similarity, while other...
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Criminal aspects of assisted reproduction
Paták, Milan ; Sovová, Olga (advisor) ; Císařová, Dagmar (referee)
The concept of assisted reproduction is widely discussed by both professional and lay public. New scientific discoveries in the fields of biology and medicine as well as the use of methods and procedures that enable the emergence of new life raise number of issues, not only the legal ones. The purpose of this thesis is to provide the comprehensive survey of criminal law relationships which may arise in the context of providing the assisted reproduction. The thesis examines whether the current legislation guarantees sufficient protection of relations, interests and values covered by the Criminal Code. Within the analysis of crimes the thesis deals with the need for criminal repression and gives proposals de lege ferenda. The thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One defines the concept of assisted reproduction, describes the historical overview of the events that preceded the current interpretation of the concept and explicates basic medical terminology related to the chosen topic. Part Two presents the basic principles on which the Czech regulation is established and contains specification of the relevant sources of law. The second chapter briefly characterizes the criminal and medical law and clarifies their relationship. The third chapter deals with the...
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Nursing care for pregnant women after assisted reproduction
BUDÍNOVÁ, Michala
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of infertility and also of the midwife care of a pregnant woman after assisted reproduction. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and the research part. The theoretical part initially defines the terms of infertility, fertility and sterility. Since infertility is always a diagnosis of a couple, the anatomy of a woman and of a man is described. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the issue of infertility, i.e. assisted reproduction. What are the methods, risks and financing of assisted reproduction? The most common method of assisted reproduction includes Artificial Insemination and In Vitro Fertilisation. Assisted reproduction is a field of medicine that works with sperm, ova and embryos outside the body of a person, in order to make the woman pregnant. These methods carry certain risks, which are also being described in the thesis. The theoretical part is concluded with a description of the midwife care of a pregnant woman after assisted reproduction, where the midwife education and the term of nursing are emphasised. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to find out the specifics in the care of a pregnant woman after assisted reproduction. Three research questions had been asked: What is the nursing care of a pregnant woman after assisted reproduction like from the viewpoint of pregnant women? What is level of satisfaction of women with the nursing care after assisted reproduction? What are the specifics of experiencing woman's pregnancy after assisted reproduction? A quantitative research survey was used for the research, and data collection was conducted through individual interviews. The basis for the interview were 13 questions prepared in advance, 4 of which were the identifying questions. The research group was formed of eight female respondents. The interviews with women took place in quiet, predetermined places. Prior to the interview, a written request for co-operation was submitted to the respondent. In this request, the respondents were informed about the aim of the research and preservation of anonymity, see Annex 2. The request was signed by all eight female respondents before the actual interview. The interviews were recorded in writing continuously, analysed and divided into the main categories and subcategories, based on the answers of the respondents, using coloured text. The aim was to identify the individual consensus in the opinions of the addressed pregnant women after assisted reproduction. The first category examined the issue of assisted reproduction and was divided into ten subcategories, which dealt with the reasons for going through assisted reproduction, the methods of assisted reproduction, the environment of the centre of assisted reproduction, the personnel of the centre of assisted reproduction, experiencing the assisted reproduction prior to pregnancy, experiencing pregnancy after assisted reproduction, lifestyle during pregnancy after assisted reproduction, complications during pregnancy, opinions on financial burden of the clients and availability of information about assisted reproduction. The results of the research have shown the lifestyle of a woman after assisted reproduction, where the trend of activities was yoga, but at the same time limiting activities and inability to work from the very beginning of the pregnancy. The most common method in infertility treatment is IVF, where there is a high financial burden. The bachelor thesis has shown that women who have undergone assisted reproduction experience fear. Most often it is the fear of miscarriage. And that the infertility is not just a problem of women, but also of men.
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