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Impact of river system structure on the genetic diversity of reed populations
Fuxová, Gabriela ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kubátová, Barbora (referee)
Many plant species are closely related to river biotopes or to biotopes influenced by rivers. River systems create important linear corridors in ecosystems and directly or non-directly influence spatial spread of species in these environments. This offer many questions about species spread in this system. We can answer these questions by using molecular methods. Using 10 microsatellite (SSRs) primers, 202 individuals of Phragmites australis from 60 populations were analysed. Those analyses allowed reveal kinship of individuals, obtain information about spatial spread of populations and about spreading of common reed. Phragmites australis creates both - monoclonal and polyclonal - populations. Dependence of rate of clonality on environment was revealed. Populations from river banks are more monoclonal, populations from pond shores are more polyclonal. Populations are isolated. The highest percentage of variability was explained on among-population level. This is common for anemochoric species. Communication between populations is present, more on shorter distances. Evidence for vegetative spread was found on short distance. Generative spread is much more common. Long-distance spreading is mediated by generative diaspores - seeds. This spreading includes within-river spread, among-river spread and spreading...
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Fieldwork in soil biology
Dufek, Dominik ; Mourek, Jan (advisor) ; Blažová, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis didactically processes three proposals of fieldwork for intermediate school pupils and students of lower grades of grammar schools. Two of the described sites for field education are located directly in the capital city of Prague (Prokopské valley, Meanders of Botič) and the third locality lies 30 km south of Prague (Medník). All field exercises are focused on soil, soil biology and ecology of selected localities. During the fieldwork, students apply active learning and record their results in worksheets. The first half of the thesis is a literary review describing the characteristics of the selected sites, the soil and soil organisms and selected methods of study of soil ecosystems. The last part of the literary review deals with general characteristics of field training as an organizational teaching form, its aims, methods and organization. The actual output of the whole work is the proposal of three fieldworks and methodological materials for teachers. Individual tasks in the worksheets are analysed from the didactical point of view. Two of the fieldworks were tested in school practice by the author of the thesis. The course of the two fieldworks commented and the results of the students' works are evaluated. The annex of the theses contains worksheets for students, their correct...
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Phylogenetic, morphological and ecological context of microevolution in pennate diatoms
Veselá, Jana ; Neustupa, Jiří (advisor) ; Řeháková, Klára (referee) ; Vanormelingen, Pieter (referee)
Visual assessment of discontinuities in the morphological features of diatom cells has been widely used in the discovery and delimitation of diatom species. However, a multidisciplinary approach to species-level taxonomy has revealed hidden diversity within the traditional diatom morphospecies. Consequently, this work examined both the natural and clonal populations of diatoms by diverse traditional and modern approaches, in order to assess the diversity, ecology, and distribution of diatom species. Although a detailed investigation of natural diatom samples was confounded by uncertain morphological boundaries between the traditional diatom species, it recognized that the diversity was relatively high; even one new diatom species was described using the morphological species concept. The multivariate statistical analyses showed that the variation of natural communities of traditional diatom morphospecies reflected differences in the local environmental conditions, as well as microhabitat heterogenity within a region. Since each diatom morphospecies is most likely a complex of sibling species, the two model traditional morphospecies were investigated, in order to assess morphological variation, genetic diversity, and/or the reproductive compatibility of monoclonal cultures. Even though isolated...
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Sociality and ecology in ground squirrels (tribe Marmotini).
Matějů, Jan ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee) ; Zima, Jan (referee)
of the Ph.D. thesis Autor: Jan Matějů Name: Sociality and ecology in ground squirrels (tribe Marmotini) Ground-dwelling squirrels are parafyletic group of rodents from the family Sciuridae (tribes Marmotini and Xerini). Ground-dwelling squirrels are semi-fossorial inhabitants of treeless biotopes. They share most aspects of general biology. They usually breed once a year, have exclusively diurnal activity and are omnivorous. On the contrary, ground-dwelling squirrels display different levels of sociality, which makes them an ideal model to study different ecological aspects connected with evolution of sociality. The first part of the Ph.D. thesis is focused on the relationship between sociality and sexual size dimorphism and relative and absolute size of brain. At first, supposing that different levels of sociality are connected with differences in intensity of sexual selection acting on males, we tested association between sociality and sexual size dimorphism as well as association between sexual size dimorphism and body size - so called Rensch rule. Next, we tested correlation between sociality and relative brain size. In agreement with the Social brain hypothesis, we assumed that e.g. solitarily living species should have smaller relative brain size than species living in stable pairs. We found...
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Political Parties Turning Green: Adoption of the Environmental Issues by Political Parties in the Czech Republic
Sálová, Anna ; Novák, Miroslav (advisor) ; Mlejnek, Josef (referee)
UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut politologických studií Mgr. Anna Sálová ZELENÁNÍ POLITICKÝCH STRAN - ADOPCE ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ POLITIKY PARLAMENTNÍMI STRANAMI V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE Rigorózní práce Praha 2012 Autor práce: Mgr. Anna Sálová Konzultant práce: Prof. Dr. Miroslav Novák Rok obhajoby: 2012 Bibliografický záznam: SÁLOVÁ, A., Zelenání politických stran - Adopce environmentální politiky parlamentními stranami v ČR, Rigorózní práce, Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií, Konzultant rigorózní práce Prof. Dr., Miroslav Novák, Praha 2012, 169 s. Anotace: Rigorózní práce "Zelenání politických stran - Adopce environmentální politiky parlamentními stranami v České republice" se zabývá fenoménem zelenání univerzalistických politických stran ve smyslu jejich postupné adopce environmentální politiky do volebních programů. Objektem zkoumání jsou programy českých parlamentních stran podle výsledků voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu České republiky v červnu 2010. Problematika je zkoumána z kvantitativního i kvalitativního komparativního hlediska, snaží se odhalit trendy v přijímání environmentální politiky do programových dokumentů a popsat jednotlivé postoje českých parlamentních stran k zelenému programu. Práce dále zkoumá vztah této programové změny k...
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Biology of gall wasps (Diplolepis spp.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in palearctic region
Vitáček, Jakub ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focussed on description of biology of gall wasps from the genus Diplolepis spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the palearctic region with the emphasis on some interesting phenomenons in their life cycle. These wasps induce galls obligatory on roses (Rosa spp.) and are widely distributed in the holarctic region. Many authors focussed on research of parasitoids, which use wasps larvae as food source. It was also recognized that inquilines lost their ability to induce own galls. However, their development is still dependent on galls tissues, because they feed on cells within galls. Rose gall wasps reproduce mostly without any mating. Female lay unfertilized eggs and males are very rare. Recently, development of modern techniques enable authors to study infection by bacteria of the genus Wolbachia and its role in the wasps parthenogenetic development. It is also apparent difference between the levels of our knowledge about individual species in this bachelor thesis. We have relative rich knowledges about European rose gall wasps, on the other hand biology of some Asian species is still very poor.
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Biogeography and specificity of Asterochloris photobionts
Řídká, Tereza ; Škaloud, Pavel (advisor) ; Vondrák, Jan (referee)
This diploma thesis has focused on the diversity and biogeography of Asterochloris photobionts. Since no study so far has been published on the biogeography of symbiotic microorganisms, the presented thesis is the first attemp to trace the biogeographic distribution and endemism of symbionts. By gathering 121 Asterochloris sequences obtained from lichen thalli sampled outside Europe and America, the diversity within the genus increased dramatically. The phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated alignment of ITS rDNA and actin sequences obtained from Cladonia and Stereocaulon photobionts revealed 28 differently supported clades. Of them, eight lineages were newly discovered. Three environmental factors explaining the best the distribution pattern of Asterochloris photobionts were selected according to the statistical tests of the phylogenetic signal: two different types of biogeographical ecoregions and the substrate type. In general, the genus Asterochloris is distributed cosmopolitally, with a very low rate of endemism. Newly obtained data indicate that the restricted distribution of any photobiont clade is not caused by either historic or biological factors, but more likely by specific climatic or habitat preferences.
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