|
| |
|
|
Synthesis and evaluation of potential antifungal agents
Straková, Jana ; Krátký, Martin (advisor) ; Novotná, Eva (referee)
Mycotic systemic infection is often very severe, whether due to patient immunodeficiency, the side effects of available antifungal agents, or clinical or drug resistance. Emphasis should therefore be placed on the timely determination of the correct diagnosis, appropriate indications of current drugs, and especially the development of new antifungal agents (ATM). The core of all synthesized compounds is the molecule of itaconic acid (IA) or its anhydride. The starting molecule was chosen based on its broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial and antifungal activities. The aim was to create ten monoamides using a one-step synthesis of IA anhydride with the appropriate chlorinated aniline. These monoamides were then cyclized to form ten imides. The yields of the reactions to form the monoamides were high, with two exceptions (24% and 31%), and were generally above 80%. The yields of the reactions to form the imides were lower, ranging from 29% to 86%. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the broth microdilution method for all imides and most monoamides. All compounds were ineffective against gram-negative bacteria, and very low activity against gram-positive bacteria was shown by the compounds 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3-methylene-2,5-pyrrolidinedione,...
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
Determination of antibiotics in the soil ecosystem
Brož, Tomáš ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This work deals with a current issue of increasing drug concentrations and thus the growing number of resistant bacteria in the soil. One of the problem helping this issue is the fertilization of agricultural fields with animal faeces, in which antibiotics occur in an unchanged and still active form, as well as the insufficient effectiveness of conventional methods used in wastewater treatment plants. In an effort to improve the monitoring of this problem, a method for the determination of these antibacterial agents in the soil matrix, using solid phase extraction, and also a UPLC/MS method for their evaluation have been developed and optimized. From the group of sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfasalazine, sulfathiaosal and trimethoprim were selected. The lowest limit of detection for the method is 0.3 µg/g for sulfathiazole and the highest of 8.1 µg/g for sulfasalazine. The highest average yields were achieved with sulfamethoxazole, namely 63 ±8 %.
|
|
|
Determination of selected drugs in water
Tran Xuan, Tiep ; Tulková, Tereza (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Submitted thesis tackles the problem of numerous of antibiotics in waste water. Specifically, trimethroprim azithromycin and clarithomycin. In all of those cases we are dealing with a massive ecological threat at hand, causing harm to the enviroment. To isolation the specific kind of antibiotics the method of SPE was chosen by prior consultation with the supervisor. The method of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection was deemed superrior for the pinpointing of the exact pharmaceuticals in waste watters. The waste waters in and out flow was observed for twelve days with the maintainance of all necessary procedures listed above at water treatment plants Brno-Modřice.
|
|
|
Influence of antibacterial nanomaterials on the development of bacterial resistance
Bábíková, Daniela ; Lucie,, Bozděchová (referee) ; Šmerková, Kristýna (advisor)
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a long-discussed problem. The use of antibiotics in primary agricultural production, especially in pig breeding. High levels of zinc subsequently seeps into the soil in the form of secondary agricultural products. Doses of effect the intestinal bacteria of pigs, but also the microorganisms in the environment which can subsequently lead to the development of resistance to metals also antibiotics. This thesis deals with the effect of ZnO and newly used nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on bacteria S. aureus, methicilin-rezistant S. aureus and E. coli. Acquired data point to the effect of ZnO on minimal inhibition concentration of antibiotics and the development of resistance in E. coli. Based on biochemical tests, the change of metabolic pathways reacting with selected substrates was confirmed. Repeated subcultur of bacteria with tested ZnO and ZnO NPs has on the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics and changes their biochemical pathways. Studies dealing with the issue of long-term effect on medicinal substances are essential for the development of modern antibacterial components.
|
|
|
Rezistence dřepčíků a stonkových krytonosců na řepce k vybraným insekticidům
Richterová, Terezie
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the selection of resistance to selected insecticides in populations of flea beetles and stem weevils collected from conventional oilseed rape fields in the Czech Republic during 2021 and 2022. Testing for resistance to the active ingredients lambda-cyhalothrin, tau-fluvalinate and acetamiprid was carried out according to the methods IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) No. 011 and 021. The statistical program Polo Plus 2.0 was used to evaluate the tests, the percentage efficiencies, degrees of resistance and lethal doses were determined. Based on the results, it was found that the populations of flea beetles show resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Populations of the cabbage stem weevil show resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and tau-fluvalinate. To the substance acetamiprid, the populations of stem weevils are currently sensitive. It is therefore necessary to apply anti-resistance strategies to these pests in order to prevent further selection of resistance.
|
|
|
Vliv aplikace insekticidů na slunéčko východní (Harmonia axyridis)
Kintlerová, Jarmila
The diploma thesis was focused on evaluating the influence of selected active ingredients of insecticides used to protect agricultural crops on populations of the invasive species of harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas, 1773) obtained from various locations within the Czech Republic. Four active ingredients, acetamiprid, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin and tau-fluvalinate, were tested according to the IRAC methodology on populations of adult individuals collected at seven locations. The experiment was done in the form of adult vial test, with subsequent evaluation using the Polo Plus 2.0 software. Based on the obtained results of mortality and lethal doses of active ingredients, it was found that the populations were highly sensitive to acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin and sensitive with possible emergence of resistance to tau-fluvalinate. In the case of indoxacarb, populations from three locations showed moderate to high resistance.
|
|
|
Antimikrobiální rezistence a její šíření v potravinovém řetězci
Maršová, Nikol
The bachelor thesis deals with the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents and its subsequent spread in the food chain. It focuses mainly on the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, in relation to the types of antibiotics according to their chemical structure and their mechanism of action. It describes the basic principles of agents used against viruses, yeasts, fungi and parasites. Characterises the nature of the emergence and mechanisms of resistance. It also discusses the methods used to determine the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Describes when resistance of microorganisms began to emerge historically and its occurrence in different sections of the food chain. In relation to the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the food chain, it describes the most serious zoonotic agents today.
|
guest ::
