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Forensic Identification of Child Faces
Klíma, Ondřej ; Španěl, Michal (referee) ; Beran, Vítězslav (advisor)
This thesis is focussed on children's faces comparison. Its aim is to create the application providing functions for photocomparison and ageing. Both these parts work with portrait photos of children. Photocomparison purpose is a metric expression of similarity of two portraits independently on their age. Ageing is a tool for the simulation of an individual's growing old on the photo. Principles of both functions are based on geometric morphometry methods, particulary on procrustes analysis and thin-plate spline aproximation.
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Sexual dimorphism and interpopulation variability of the skull in time-distanced populations
Šutoová, Denisa ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Suchá, Barbora (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with sexual dimorphism and interpopulation variability of skull morphology between recent Egyptian population and a historical population, which is not geographically distanced but originates from the Old Kingdom period (Egypt, 2700-2180 BC). Estimating sex and population affinity is an important part of the process of building a biological profile of unknown human remains, and the skull is one of the best parts of the skeleton to estimate these attributes. Sex estimation is based on the existence of sexual dimorphism, which is very population specific, and sex determination is more reliable when population-specific methods are applied. Therefore, it is required to perform population affinity estimation before sex determination. A total of 143 adult specimens were included in the analysis. 47 three-dimensional exocranial meshes of skulls of individuals originating from the Old Kingdom period (31 males and 16 females) and 96 CT images of the heads from the recent Egyptian population in the age range of 18-86 years. (49 males and 47 females). The material was evaluated using the methods of geometric morphometry. In the analysis of the form, significant differences between the sexes were found. The most sexually dimorphic areas were the supraorbital arches, glabella, arcus...
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Allometric diversity and plasticity of cellular morphologies of desmids (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae)
Mezník, Daniel Heliodor ; Neustupa, Jiří (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
If the proportions of two features of an organism change during its growth, their relationships can be described as allometry. The first partof this thesis quantifies the allometric relationship of semicellular perimeter and area of 11 species of unicellular microalgae from the genus Euastrum. These algae are recognized for their fractalmorphology, which is theorized to be an adaptation for increasing their surface area which is used to absorb nutrients.Thequestion was whether larger individuals within a population have a more complex shape and therefore a longer perimeter. I examined microphotographs of tens of semicells obtained from preserved wild populations. All included species exhibited a marked increase in shape complexity. The same trend could be noticed on and interspecific level. I compared these results to existing studies conducted on the related Micrasterias lineage. The second part of this thesis deals with allometric changes during semicells ontogeny in both Euastrum and Micrasterias. I analyzed growing clonal cultures using geometric morphometry. Specifically, I observed the relative position of 11 structurally homologous landmarks on semicells of different ages. This has been the first experiment of its kind on these model organisms. Idescribed theontogenetic change in landmark...
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Ontogenetic changes of the face.
Benešová, Eliška ; Eliášová, Hana (advisor) ; Dvořák, Daniel (referee)
The human face is characterized by a combination of morphological characters, which are unique for each individual. These characters are subject to change during ontogeny influenced by age, pathological conditions, injuries. The aim of this diploma thesis was an observation of age changes in the face of individuals in the age range from one to eighteen. Resource material were black and white photographs of girls and boys. Analysis of age changes in facial area was performed using methods of geometric morphometrics, specifically thin plate spine (TPS). The shape analysis confirmed, that between age and face shape exists significant relationship. It was found, that is mainly due to significant changes in height and width ratios. Face extends and narrows, forehead height is reduced and lower jaw grows to lenght. Facial changes are also influenced by the sex of individuals, while for girls the overall growth in the face stopps about age of fifteen, for boys continues to the age of eighteen years. Keywords Geometric morphometrics, thin plate spline, ontogenetic development of the face, age changes.
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Assessing the threat of hybridization between Prunus fruticosa and cultivated Prunus species
Musilová, Lenka ; Vít, Petr (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Presented thesis evaluates the risk of ongoing hybridization (antropohybridization) in highly endangered Prunus fruticosa in the Czech Republic and selected adjacent countries. Absolute genome size analysis (estimated by flow cytometry) combined with both numeric and geometric morphometrics were used for evaluation of hybridization. Prunus fruticosa frequently hybridize with naturalized Prunus cerasus (emerging tetraploid hybrid Prunus ×eminens) and native Prunus avium (forming triploid hybrid Prunus ×mohacsyana). Discrimination between P. ×eminens and P. ×mohacsyana is difficult, when using leaf morphology characters only, so the occurrence of triploid hybrids was strongly underestimated in the Czech Republic (only tetraploid hybrids were reported). Both hybrids are surely differentiated using flow cytometry analysis (based on different ploidy level). The majority of analyzed populations is formed by either individuals of pure P. fruticosa or one of the mentioned hybrids. Only four populations were mixed. Continuous variability in absolute genome size was found in two of them, which may indicate hybrid swarm forming (incl. primary hybrids and backcrosses). Our findings can be considered only as indirect evidence for introgression, which needs to be confirmed by molecular markers (for example...
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Facial approximation: An assessment of the principles of the method and analysis of the craniofacial relationships
Zedníková Malá, Pavla ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Beňuš, Radoslav (referee) ; Krásničanová, Hana (referee)
This doctoral thesis is submitted in the form of scientific publications together with theoretical introduction. The present state of knowledge of facial approximation methods is presented in the introduction. Areas of application, principles of the method and classification of the methods according to medium used are briefly described. Accuracy and limits of the method are further described as they form a base of the research of this thesis. Simultaneous existence of multiple prediction guidelines, of which the accuracy is not known or published, is typical characteristic of the facial approximation method. The aim of this thesis was to assess the accuracy of the particular prediction rules for estimation of position and size of facial parts (eyes, nose, lips), and based on the results to recommend the most accurate and suitable guidelines for middle European population. An assessment of the strength of the association between craniofacial shape and the shape of soft tissues in the profile using geometric morphometric methods, and determination of the extent to which it might be possible to predict the latter from the former were the purpose of the second part of the research. Material for this study consisted of 87 lateral head cephalograms of a recent adult Central European population (52 males...
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Variation in dragonfly wing venation with application of geometric morphometrics (Insecta: Odonata)
Přibylová, Petra ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Růžička, Jan (referee)
The pattern of wing venation in dragonflies (Odonata) bears a set of characters commonly used in systematics. The aim of this thesis is to identify the wing venation variability of dragonflies by various methods of geometric morphometric. The wing venation variability was examined on the level of suborder, family, species and also in respect to dimorphism through the principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and centroid size. Data set consisting of images of 46 dragonfly species, belonging to 43 genera and 24 families was obtained from institutional entomological collections. The research carried out that Zygoptera have a large variety of wing contours. The wing venation variability of Epiprocta is shown primarily in the costa and node area. Between sexes there is no noticeable difference in shape or structure of the wing. The ratio between wing length and width and the pterostigma shape is dependent on dragonfly body size. Key words: Odonatoptera, Odonata, Epiprocta, Zygoptera, wing venation, variability, geometric morphometrics
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Geometric morphometrics of diatom frustules.
Hubáčková, Kateřina ; Kulichová, Jana (advisor) ; Pichrtová, Martina (referee)
This bachelor thesis includes a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part, I focused problematic parts of research of diatoms biology. I will discuss morphology of specific silica scale and its morphogenesis; life cycle, characteristic by the size diminution in vegetative phasis, and conception of taxonomy of these organisms which is rather complicated because of unclear species concept. Another part presents tools of geometric morphometrics which is rapidly developing method for investigation and quantification of biological shape. In the practical part, I present the results from own research. This experiment is preliminary study for diploma thesis and its purpose is to appropriate tools of geometric morphometrics and to present advantages of its methods. I will investigate morphological disparity of three strains of pennate diatoms cultivated in standard conditions studied by landmark methos. The aim of this study is to discover if small cells which have gone trough the long phasis of vegetative multiplication and are close to the sexual reproduction have diferent degree of morphological variability than the bigger ones just undergone by sexual process.
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Evaluation of ontogenetic development of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods
Kiebelová, Alena ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
During ontogeny there are a lot of changes in the entire human skeleton. This thesis deals with shape changes in the mandible, which are caused by genetic, hormonal, as well as mechanical factors. The most important mechanical factors influencing the shape of mandible are development of deciduous and permanent dentition and also development of masticatory muscles. 34 children mandibles of known age and 14 adult mandibles were analysed and compared for this thesis. Data were obtained by scanning coordinates of 36 landmarks using Microscribe G2X, and then were processed by software PAST and Morphologika2 using multivariate statistics (PCA, MANOVA). Geometric morphometrics is used for a detailed analysis of shape changes of the mandible. There is no difference between dental and chronological age. In conclusion, lower jaw narrows during growth, the body extends more in the region of third molars and the ramus grows mainly in the region of condylar process. Chin prominence also occurs during ontogeny. In the group of adult mandibles the variability is caused by coronoid process height and the body width. The hypothesis, that age groups are significantly different from each other, and therefore due to tooth mineralization there are marked shape changes, is confirmed.
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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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