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Holocene shallow-water foraminiferal assemblages from Zanzibar
Česáková, Klára ; Holcová, Katarína (advisor) ; Chroustová, Markéta (referee)
This thesis builds on the project GAČR 23-05217S, prof. RNDr. Katarína Holcová, Ph.D.,The Fossil seagrass meadows- the neglected Phanerozoic ecosystem: its contribution to the shelf biodiversity and identification in the fossil record. This work consists of two parts, the compilation and the practical part. The compilation focuses on the Foraminifera, their morphology, history, and significance for science. Following the practical part, the shallow-water foraminifera from the tropical part of the Indian Ocean are presented here. In the practical part, I deal with the documentation and analysis of two samples taken from the west coast of the Unguja Island (Zanzibar) from the Zanzibar channel (5.9916858S, 39.1855394E). This locality is from the micropaleontological point of view poorly researched. The main outcome is taxonomical identification and subsequent interpretation of the paleoenvironment based on the determined species. Key words: Foraminifera, Zanzibar, Holocene, seagrass meadows
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Mustelid carnivores of Central Europe in the Quaternary fossil record
Vencová, Barbora ; Horáček, Ivan (advisor) ; Kyselý, René (referee)
The present paper reports results of detailed examination of fossil record of mustelid carnivores deposited in the collections of Faculty of Science, Charles University and National Museum Prague. In total 414 items were analyzed coming from 136 Quaternary and Pliocene community samples (6 MN51-17, 8 Q1, 10 Q2, 2 Q3, 104 Q4) of diverse sites in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Results of detailed biometrical analysis compared with corresponding data obtained in a set of extant taxa (204 ind. 8 spp.) and extensive literary resources revealed presence of 16 taxa (9 extant, 7 fossil). Larger samples enabling a more detailed analysis were available for the genus Martes, and in particular for a groups of Mustela nivalis - M.erminea which composed 77% of all fossil records. The earliest items (MN15-MN17) co-identified with M.pliocaenica conform well to expected common ancestor of both extant species. Yet, also those from the Early Pleistocene (MN17-Q2: M.praenivalis, M.plioerminea) show certain differences, which suggest that phenotype morphocline establishing extant populations established only during the Middle Pleistocene (Q3). A particularly rich sample available from the present glacial cycle (mostly continuous Vistulian - Holocene sequences) revealed unexpected predominance of the glacial records...
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Landscape-scale changes in central Europe around the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and the Anthropocene
Prach, Jindřich ; Pokorný, Petr (advisor) ; Kuosmanen, Niina Irina (referee) ; Roleček, Jan (referee)
This thesis investigates the dynamics of the central European landscape. Four case studies, exploring two key periods of environmental transformation: Late Glacial and the Anthropocene, are included. All case studies are connected by the spatial scale of interest: the landscape scale. This scale is targeted not only by the spatial extent of the sampling, but by the essence of the issues investigated, as broadly described in the introduction. The studies use disparate methods and different contexts, which helps to approach such a complex phenomenon - the landscape and its formation. The included studies are dealing with the Last Glacial landscape and vegetation by (1) comparing pollen records using modern analogues (here from Yakutia) and argues that the change at the Late Glacial/Holocene transition may not have been as great as previously thought, because at least somewhere forests may had existed during the Last Glacial being supported by permafrost melting. A follow-up study (2) explores how permafrost melting, i.e., thermokarst processes, generated an entire lake landscape whose remnants unexpectedly largely persist in the Třeboň region (southern Czech Republic) to recent times. This is followed by (3) the use of a detailed palaeoenvironmental record of the discovered lakes and their contexts...
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Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Iranian region: geoarchaeological and climatological study in relation to human settlement
MARŠÁK, Daniel
This thesis collects previous knowledge and information about palaeoenvironmental and archaeological situation in the area of Iran primarily from the Holocene Climatic Optimum period, sometimes called as Altithermal. Holocene Climatic Optimum is characterized by high temperatures and high intensity of atmospheric precipitation and it lasts from 9000 cal. BP to 5000-6000 cal. BP. The research work aims to map the process of the human settlement as a result of warm Climate Changes. This will be accomplished by making a contribution of Geoarchaeological and Palaeoclimatic proxies which are going to introduce and reconstruct forming conditions for the human settlement. Significant element of the thesis is identification of the Hunter-Gatherer societies and interception theirs agricultural transition. The most important area for this transition is Southwestern part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Khuzestan Province, Lorestan Province, Ilam Province). The Zagros Mountains which "include" these Provinces will be subjected to the depth analysis.
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Climate and settlement dynamics based on comparison of dendroclimatic and archaeological data of South Bohemian holocene.
VOBEJDA, Libor
The environment is influenced by the ever changing system of interacting forces. Changes in the climate are amongst many crucial factors that determine life conditions on Earth. All organisms have to cope with the environmental changes and humans are no exception. This thesis is focused on description of climate changes during the Holocene geological epoch. The climate is delineated based on proxy datasets. South Bohemian proxy data, mainly tree ring chronology, are used as primary sources for the reconstruction of past climate. These proxy datasets are complemented by various climatic reconstructions covering the area of central Europe. In order to assess the connection of past human societies to climate, a comparison between climate and settlement proxies is conducted. As an example of the settlement proxies we can list relative population density and location of dwellings. Target populations are agricultural prehistoric and historic societies.
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Quaternary insects and their significance for zoogeography, paleoclimatology and paleoecology
Moudrý, Jakub ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Říhová, Dagmar (referee)
The present thesis is a review of available published data on Quaternary insects. Research focused on Quaternary insects has been so far overlooked by the Czech scientists, even though there is potential to provide additional data for complex reconstruction of Quaternary deposits. Insect faunas allow to trace the dynamic development of areas across continents and serve for example as proof of migration routes. It is especially true for the Pleistocene, well known for prominent climatic oscillations. Thus, the insect species served as climatic indicators allowing estimations of average temperatures by application of the MCR method. Finally, these faunal changes reflect dynamic development of palaeoenvironments. The fact that the subfossil taxa correspond to the recent species allows broader reconstruction of the Quaternary deposits.
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The Quaternary Paleoecological Analysis of the Soos National Nature Reserve
Rajdlová, Hana ; Holcová, Katarína (advisor) ; Novák, Jan (referee)
The Quaternary Paleoecological Analysis of the Soos National Nature Reserve The aim of this proposed diploma thesis is to describe the structure of diatom communities in the diatomite deposits of the Soos National Nature Reserve and compare the finding of this thesis with those of older publications. Another aim was to reconstruct the history of the basin trough with the outputs of diatom analysis accomplished in the 3,4 m long sediment profile. The similarity of diatom communites in individual diatomite types was also tested. Key words: subfossil diatoms, Soos National Nature Reserve, paleolimnology, Late Glacial, Holocene
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The use of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in paleolimnology
Aubrechtová, Martina ; Kulichová, Jana (advisor) ; Píšková, Anna (referee)
This thesis is a literature review summarizing methodology and the possibility of use of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) for paleoecological reconstructions of extinct lacustrine ecosystems. In addition, the theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to basic characteristics, evolutionary history and ecology of the group, lakes and the fossil record. In the practical part, two samples of sediments of a fossil lake that has been discovered and studied within the Morava Project in Strážnické Pomoraví are compared.
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Forest evolution in Central Europe during the Holocene periode
Švábová, Barbora ; Šefrna, Luděk (advisor) ; Matějček, Tomáš (referee)
The work deals with the forest as an ecosystem where relationships take place, which are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Great attention is paid to the climate, which affects not only the distribution of biomes. Its constant changes have an impact on the species composition of forests and human society. By the effects of the climate, the Holocene period was divided into sub-stages. Man also played a significant role in the conversion of the central Europe forest and changes it even now. That is why this work devotes a considerable part of it to this influence. Great changes of the forest began with the emergence of agriculture, which was the first impulse for the beginning of deforestation. Examined are the ways of prehistoric and modern economy. With the loss of trees came an idea of protecting the forests. As an example of possible further effect on the forest, the influence of some pathogens is presented.
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Holocene history of Arctic lakes
Roman, Matěj ; Nývlt, Daniel (advisor) ; Kavan, Jan (referee)
Holocene history of Arctic lakes Abstract Palaeolimnology in the Arctic has achieved a considerable progress in the last decades. The Arctic has changed markedly since the Last Glacial and glacier retreats caused formation of a great number of diverse lake types. Lakes of glacial origin, thermokarst lakes, fluvial lakes and lakes on raised beaches occur most often here. Palaeolimnological methods applied to the high latitude areas are used for the study of the history of individual lakes. Methods of correlation of sedimentary cores and basic interpretation of proxy records such as magnetic susceptibility, diatom biostratigraphy and content of carbon and sulphur were applied on sediments of Garmaksla Lake, Svalbard Archipelago. Climatic and ecological shifts including the Little Ice Age termination and recent warming were registered in proxy values. Keywords: lakes, palaeolimnology, palaeoclimatology, environmental changes, Holocene, Arctic
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