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Possibilities of preventing the negative influence of cognitive biases on everyday decision making
Tesařová, Monica ; Stehlík, Luděk (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with possibilities of preventing the influence of cognitive biases on our everyday decision making, especially with the negative effect of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic on consumer behavior. The first chapter is concerned with human irrationality in decision making, primarily with cognitive biases. Some of the most significant types of cognitive biases that negatively affect our decision making are presented and various approaches trying to explain their origin and nature are introduced subsequently. It continues with a chapter on possibilities of the prevention of cognitive biases where the theory of debiasing is mentioned and an example of a successful debiasing strategy is presented. The last chapter of the theoretical part focuses in detail on one particular type of cognitive bias that arises from using the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. The aim of the empirical part of the thesis is then to propose a strategy that will, at least partially, help reducing the negative impact of this bias on our decision making in everyday situations - particularly from the consumer perspective. Another part of this is also an outline for an experimental study that would help verify the effectiveness of the proposed measures. Keywords: heuristics, cognitive biases,...
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Psychology of joy
Boubelová, Adéla ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Šípek, Jiří (referee)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to define the concept of joy and introduce the theme of happiness in all its vastness. The work is divided into two main parts, the theoretical part and the empirical part. In the theoretical part, first the concept of joy is clarified, then the individual triggers of joy are described, then I focus on the moment of the initiation of joy and its experiencing, afterwards I deal with the manifestations of joy and its impact, while I also mention the preconditions for experiencing joy and the pathology of joy, and in the end of this part I am preoccupied with the question of how one can evoke joy in everyday life, also within the concept of a meaningful life. The empirical part follows the theoretical part, more specifically it follows the chapter dealing with the experiencing of joy. The proposal of the qualitative research is focused on the examination of the experiencing of joy caused by three different situations evoking joy. The method of the research is grounded theory.
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Career counseling in the organizational context
Řádková, Lucie ; Kirovová, Iva (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis addresses the issue of the career counseling within organizations. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the topic of career, its historical development and current conceptions of career. Further it deals with the topic of career counseling, its historical development and some key concepts and approaches. One of areas where can be career counseling applied is organizational context. Career counseling is a part of a wider career support that can be provided by organizations to their employees. Bachelor thesis summarize how can be career counseling in organizations utilized, which are its goals in the organizational context and how it relates to another activities of career management. Applied part of the thesis proposes the project of the research with the objective of developing a questionnaire that could measure the need of the use of the career counseling within organizations.
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Psychological aspects of suggestibility in context of criminal investigation
Kožušníková, Tereza ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
The present thesis deals with the psychological aspects of interrogative suggestibility of witnesses, victims and offenders involved in criminal investigation. The first part of the work offers a theoretical and literary overview of important theoretical findings on suggestibility in the field of psychology which underly the teoretici model of interrogative suggestibility by Gudjonsson and Clark. Their model is introduced in relation to selected psychological characteristics with an emphasis on practical overlap in forensic psychology and criminal practice. The theoretical part is concluded with a detailed introduction into the Gudjonsson scales of suggestibility - GSS 1 and GSS 2. In the empirical part of the thesis, the author focuses on adaptation and validation of GSS 1 in the Czech environment. The outcome of this work are the psychometric characteristics of the Czech version of the GSS 1, including detailed instruction for administration and evaluation and statistical norms for the czech population. Currently Czech criminalist dispose of no suitable psychodiagnostic assessment method to evaluate the interrogative suggestibility. Key words: interrogative suggestibility, GSS 1, Gudjonsson, psychodiagnostics
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Change Blindness and Choice Blindness
Denemarková, Martina ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
Change blindness and choice blindness are phenomena, research on which is not only interesting, but also essential for better understanding of attention, formation of internal representations, decision making processes, formation and stability of preferences. The thesis introduces change blindness and choice blindness in theoretical relations, briefly submits crosscut of research studies of these phenomena and factors affecting them. In relationship to the literature review part, this thesis also contains a proposal of empirical study investigating the influence of demand characteristics on choice blindness in context of consumer preferences. Keywords: Change blindness Choice blindness Preferences Internal representations Decision making
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The contribution of Daniel Kahneman to the psychology of thinking
Zelinová, Alena ; Heller, Daniel (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
Bachelor thesis in the form of scoping study summarizes Daniel Kahneman contribution to the psychology of thinking. It surveys his work from the 70s of the 20th century the subjective probability, which deals with the application of heuristics and biases in the judgement of uncertain events. It continues with prospect theory which is a descriptive model of human decision making under risk, and which reveals the automatic and systematic violations of principles of rationality in decision making. After that it focuses on Kahneman's research from the 90s in the field of hedonic psychology from the perspective of a cognitive psychologist. The thesis completes with his current work popularizing the fast and slow thinking. Part of this work is a research proposal of the price of memories from holidays, aiming to verify Kahneman's concept of the difference between the experienced utility and decision utility.
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The Relationship Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Executive Functioning
Novák, Ondřej ; Stehlík, Luděk (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This thesis provides brief overview of key surveys and theories dealing with the influence emotions have on selected executive functions (decision making and judgment). It discusses the issue using the theoretical framework of cognitive-experiential Self-theory (CEST), and emphasizes current knowledge and experimental approaches. It describes various approaches to understanding of emotions and their influence, such as the theories of emotional valence and affect, embodied emotions or motivational role of emotions. The thesis includes a quality research design aimed on emotional goals of specific basic emotions (fear, anger, sadness and joy). The results will provide a theoretical framework for the "feeling-is- for-doing" approach focused on the motivational component of emotions, allowing to examine it empirically.
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Informative society and psychology
Teichman, Viktor ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Slaměník, Ivan (referee)
Mankind today seems to find itself in new era in context of information technologies. Following the era of industrial revolution with its stress on "the more is, the better is", now the subtle, complex and multi-meaningful era of information technologies seems to take over. We seem to see general increase of stress on cognitive actions of mental modelling, requiring some cognitive competence, like ability to deal with symbols. lntellective skills are not equally distributed in population, and having said that we can see there is a space for new hierarchies. Digital information processing seems to be more detached from direct sensory feelings. The experience is thus not any more gained by repeated exposure to known sensory-physical procedures, but it is gained by own private ideation and by symbolic action of mind. These kinds of thoughts bring with them number of philosophical and ethical questions, requiring to redefine for example What is the nature of human. ls it, that by developing new tools ba sed on electronic technologies, which can exceed traditional natural means, mankind is creating new world of such complex way, that it will have difficulties to deal with it?
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Connectionist modelling of the development of some cognitive processes associated with acquisition of language skills in Czech language
Stehlík, Luděk ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Bahbouh, Radvan (referee)
The thesis discusses questions about the nature of the human mind, the process of language acquisition and the cognitive development in general and presents results of connectionist modelling of one of the seminal developmentally-psycholinguistic phenomena - segmentation of continuous speech flow on the basis of phonotactic and prosodic cues. In the general part of the thesis there is at first briefly introduced the philosophical topic of mind-body problem and then there is described intellectual, historical and cognitively-anthropological background of the computational-representational paradigm which is in the contemporary cognitive science the most prevailing view of the human mind treating the mental life as a kind of computation in the sense of manipulation and transformation of syntactic structures.
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Rehabilitation of cognitive functions in patients after brain injury
Umlaufová, Veronika ; Kulišťák, Petr (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
The mm of the master thesi s "Rehabilitation of cognitive functions in patients afteľ bľain injury" was to claľify these problems fľom pľactical point of view. In the first chapter readers get acquainted with kinds of brain injury. The second chapter deals with cognitive tlmctions and the third, most extensive, lS dedicated to rehabilitation of patients after brain injury. The ľehabilitation lS conceived as a complex process involving care of patients in the biological, psychicaL social and physical sphere. The empirical part concentrates on training oť attention. Patients after brain injury. who were invol\"ed in the study. vvere divided into two groups. Within three weeks one group practiced on computer (programme RehaCom) and the other attended occupational therapy. We investigated whether there are any diťferences in the influence of training of attention by means oť computer programme or occupational therapy. In regard of a smalI sample (five patients in each group) and other conditions we came to the conclusion that the effect of training oť attention appeared in neither group after three weeks. The empirical part is completed with a questionnaire. We addressed the specialist who work with patients after brain injury and asked them what they thought about the training oť attention by means oť computer...
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