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Early ontogenesis of time percepction
Dörflová, Kateřina ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
This work focuses on the topic of time perception, particular emphasis is placed on interval timing. Significant part of this work is oriented toward early ontogenesis of time perception, specifically toward human perception of time from the developmental perspective. Fundamental approaches relevant for current research in the field of time perception are represented in this work, especially from the psychological perspective. The work presents comprehensive view on the current state of knowledge concerning mechanisms of time perception and its function. Emphasis is placed on existing research of interval timing and related variables playing essential role in timing. Current knowledge in the field of the development of time perception is compared with the concept of time perception and its development in context of Jean Piaget's popular theory of cognitive development. KEYWORDS Time, time perception, interval timing, human ontogenesis
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Educational careers of successful Roma students
Nikolai, Tomáš ; Koťa, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Poláčková, Věra (referee)
Diplomová práce Vzdělávací dráhy úspěšných romských studentů analyzuje stav a možnosti vyššího sekundárního a terciárního vzdělávání Romů v České republice a vybrané faktory, které ovlivňují vzdělávací dráhy romských žáků a studentů. Výzkumnou část tvoří empirická sonda mezi úspěšnými romskými studenty. Základem teoretické části je deskripce současného stavu studia romských studentů na středních a vysokých školách v České republice a analýza faktorů, které ovlivňují jejich vzdělávací dráhy. Jedná se o analýzu vlivu společnosti, vlivu vzdělávacích institucí, vlivu rodiny a vlivu osobnostních předpokladů. Základem empirické části je šest kasuistik úspěšných romských studentů, které byly vytvořeny na základě výpovědí respondentů získaných strukturovaným rozhovorem. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Weakened mental flexibility and inhibition control in obsessive-compulsive disorders in respect to the dimensional model of the disorder.
Slezáková, Markéta ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
Mental flexibility and inhibitory control are mental functions important for adaptive functioning human beings. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by an inability to resist compulsive thoughts and actions and it is associated with cognitive deficits in various cognitive domains. This thesis describes the theoretical background related to a possible deficit in the field of inhibitory control and mental flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder in respect to the dimensional model of the disorder. The model was created as an answer to the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms and takes into account subtypes of the disorder, which differ in some characteristics. Data analysis in this work deals with inhibitory control in obsessive compulsive disorder at two levels. The first part of the research compares patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with healthy controls. The second part of the research takes into account the dimensional model and subtypes of OCD and deals with inhibitory control with respect to the dimensional model of the disorder. The results of the research showed a difference between patients and healthy controls in cognitive inhibition control measured by the Stroop test. The deficit in behavioral inhibitory control measured by the Go / No-go test and the Stop signal test...
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Cognitive remediation using virtual reality in neuropsychiatric disorders
Plechatá, Adéla ; Hocko Fajnerová, Iveta (advisor) ; Podlipný, Jiří (referee) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
Theoretical background: This dissertation investigates the feasibility of virtual reality (VR) for cognitive remediation in neuropsychiatric patients. The main goal was to create VR tasks appropriate for this purpose, assess the characteristics of the applied VR media, and investigate the validity and efficacy of the developed program in the target population. Method: In Study 1, healthy seniors (n = 36) and young adults (n = 25) participated in a newly developed Virtual Supermarket Shopping Task (VSST) in immersive VR (IVR) or non-immersive VR (non-IVR) to investigate their characteristics. Study 2 assessed validity (n = 21) and reliability (n = 8) of a novel VR task focused on psychomotor speed called Flies. In Study 3, VSST was administered to 20 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 20 healthy controls (HC) to investigate its validity. Finally, in Study 4, 28 patients with schizophrenia or depression participated in the proposed VE program and standard paper-pencil remediation approach to investigate feasibility and efficacy. Results: In Study 1, the seniors performed significantly worse in IVR than in non-IVR, cognitive performance in young adults was stable across different VR media, the young adults preferred IVR over non-IVR. Study 2 found a significant correlation between the Flies and...
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Cognitive Predictors of Healthy Ageing
Červenková, Markéta ; Nikolai, Tomáš (advisor) ; Jirák, Roman (referee) ; Holmerová, Iva (referee)
Worldwide we are becoming witnesses to trend leading to rising number of people living to an older age. Focus of the research changes compared to previous studies in last few decades which studied the pathological aging and shifts to identification of factors leading to healthy (also "successful" aging). The focus is thus on finding the definition of successful and unsuccessful aging, so we would be able to timely identify the risks connected with aging and their influence on health or the level of quality of life. In connection with this, new concepts are becoming known, meaning "SuperAging" and "SuperAger" (SA). SuperAging is a phenomenon presenting successful (also as healthy) aging. SuperAger is the given individual, who is successfully (also as healthy) ages. In the theoretical part of the submitted thesis is presented the summary of findings in the field of neuropsychological changes connected with aging. The concept of successful (or healthy) aging is presented and the methodology of cognitive deficit detection in old age is described. The research part presents the summary of four studies following two main objectives. In the first part, we focused on improvement of conditions of neuropsychological clinical diagnostics by expanding the available diagnostic tools usable in the environment of...
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Neuropsychological aspects of functional movement disorders
Věchetová, Gabriela ; Nikolai, Tomáš (advisor) ; Rusina, Robert (referee) ; Drozdová, Kristýna (referee)
The theoretical part of this dissertation presents a current view of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) in the current International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) referred to as dissociative (conversion) motor disorders, which has undergone significant development in the last two decades. It is a heterogeneous group of diseases with a tendency of becoming chronic diseases, which, in addition to motor symptoms, are manifested by a number of comorbid non-motor symptoms (fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression, cognitive difficulties, etc.). Despite the potential reversibility, these disorders still have an unfavorable prognosis and are associated with a low quality of life. Based on our current understanding, abnormalities of attentional processes are among the central phenomena of the development and maintenance of FMD. So far, only a minimum of studies has focused on attentional processes in the context of complex cognitive performance with contradictory findings. The dissertation had two goals. The first of the presented studies focused on the impact of subjectively assessed non-motor symptoms including subjective cognitive complaints and objectively assessed motor symptoms on the quality of life. The aim of the second study was to examine the cognitive profile of patients with FMD...
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Neuropsychological diagnosis of spatial neglect after brain injury
Kersch, Jakub ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis focuses on the issue of spatial neglect and its neuropsychological diagnostics. The theoretical part of the thesis first summarizes recent knowledge about the neglect and offers its classification, which maps the heterogeneous nature of the disorder. Furthermore, two areas of diagnostic methods aimed at neglect detection are discussed, which are the classic "paper-pencil" tests and functional tests. Finally, these methodological areas are put into relationship, the work discusses their possible complementarity and also their use in clinical practice. In the empirical part we focus on selected classic methods and their ability to diagnose mild neglect in the Czech population. For 64 patients, we compared the sensitivity of the Bells test, the line bisection test, and the scene copying test using different criteria. We also examined double dissociations and relationships between tests, and then the relationships between the ability of instruments to detect neglect and the characteristics of probands. The results mostly confirmed the findings of the theoretical part of the thesis. The sensitivity of the methods was low and variable, there were double dissociations between the line bisection test and the other tests, and there were practically no statistically significant correlations...
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Possible post-traumatic growth of an individual after recovering from a cancer
Šifaldová, Adéla ; Pospíchal, Martin (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with possible post-traumatic growth of an individual after recovering from a cancer. Emphasis is put on the question whether going through an illness that is the cause of various difficult and stressful experiences also brings anything positive and valuable into the next phase of the individual's life. The literature review part focuses on defining cancer as a trauma with its specifics. Next, the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth is defined and its basic characteristics are described. The attention is paid to select theoretical models of post-traumatic growth and describe every important variable. The goal of the proposed research is to determine whether the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth occurs in an individual after recovering from a cancer, and whether the individual perceives any positive effects on their life after a year or more have passed since the successful completion of the acute phase of treatment. Keywords Post-traumatic growth; Cancer; Doctor-patient communication; Models of post-traumatic growth; Resilience; Rumination; Social support
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Neuropsychological aspects of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases
Nikolai, Tomáš ; Roth, Jan (advisor) ; Holmerová, Iva (referee) ; Jirák, Roman (referee)
Neuropsychological aspects of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases are an extensively studied topic in neuropsychological research. Neuropsychological assessment can be helpful for the estimation of conversion risk in individual cases. The focus of neuropsychological research shifted from the evaluation of dementia to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or even to the detection of cognitive change before significant cognitive decline. In the theoretical part is presented a contemporary outline of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases. The construct of MCI is the most studied topic in the prodromal stage of neurodegeneration and this part is dedicated to comprehensive analysis of MCI. The empirical research includes five studies on screening methods of cognitive abilities, memory and verbal fluency tests. We present normative and validity data in older adults and show their detection potential in MCI or preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we tried to show the detection potential of different memory measures in patients with MCI and estimate the relations between hippocampal atrophy and memory performance. Key words mild cognitive impairment, dementia syndrome, Alzheimer's Disease, neuropsychological assessment, diagnostic procedures
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Neuropsychological aspects of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases
Nikolai, Tomáš ; Roth, Jan (advisor) ; Holmerová, Iva (referee) ; Jirák, Roman (referee)
Neuropsychological aspects of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases are an extensively studied topic in neuropsychological research. Neuropsychological assessment can be helpful for the estimation of conversion risk in individual cases. The focus of neuropsychological research shifted from the evaluation of dementia to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or even to the detection of cognitive change before significant cognitive decline. In the theoretical part is presented a contemporary outline of preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases. The construct of MCI is the most studied topic in the prodromal stage of neurodegeneration and this part is dedicated to comprehensive analysis of MCI. The empirical research includes five studies on screening methods of cognitive abilities, memory and verbal fluency tests. We present normative and validity data in older adults and show their detection potential in MCI or preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we tried to show the detection potential of different memory measures in patients with MCI and estimate the relations between hippocampal atrophy and memory performance. Key words mild cognitive impairment, dementia syndrome, Alzheimer's Disease, neuropsychological assessment, diagnostic procedures
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