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Evolution of sociality and parental care in bees of the genus Ceratina
Mikát, Michael ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Schwarz, Michael (referee) ; Bogusch, Petr (referee)
Small carpenter bees (genus Ceratina) are an excellent model taxon for the study of evolution of parental care and origin of eusociality. Prolonged offspring care is typical for this bee genus. Females usually guard their offspring until adulthood and later feed their adult offspring pollen and nectar. Moreover, most of studied species are facultatively eusocial, a trait probably inherited from the common ancestor of the genus. Although Ceratina bees have generally very interesting behavior, detailed studies were performed in only a few species, usually from North America, Japan and Australia. Only anecdotal observations of natural history existed for a few European species, and detailed research has not been performed before my thesis. The goal of my thesis is to explore the natural history of European species of Ceratina and to identify possible costs and benefits of this species' behavioral traits. I focused on following these behavioral traits: social nesting, guarding of offspring until adulthood, and feeding of mature offspring. Through my master project, I discovered biparental care in species C. nigrolabiata, therefore the most important goal of my Ph.D. project is the evaluation of costs and benefits of this behavior. Guarding of offspring by mother significantly influences their survival,...
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Parental Care in Insects and its Didactic Use in Teaching
Mázdrová, Vendula ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Šípek, Petr (referee)
In my bachelor thesis, I focus on parental care in insects, its types and forms. At the same time, I present in more detail a parental care of offspring in individual representatives of insect orders. I also explain the concept of eusocial insect. In this part of my thesis I also focus on the research of literature, which in closer look describes orders of insects and parental care of their offspring. In the second, practical part, I first analyse primary school nature science textbooks to determine the extent to which parental care is taught in primary schools. I further analyse the school curriculum (SCP) and the thematic plan at a particular elementary school in Davle. I also develop didactic tools suitable for teaching - a worksheet and three didactic games that can be used in teaching nature science in the sixth grade at the primary school. Two of the created didactic tools were used in an implemented lesson at the elementary school in Davle. Finally, I write about the course of the lesson, its objectives, and I clearly describe its different parts chronologically. Finally, I summarize the lesson and compare it with similar didactic methods used by other authors in their works. Key words: social insect, offspring, parental care, lesson, game, worksheet
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Parental behavior and recognition of juveniles in geckos of genus Teratoscincus
Suchomelová, Petra ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Kubička, Lukáš (referee)
4 ANNOTATION The diploma thesis deals with parental behavior and recognition of youngs by two kinds of desert geckos of genus Teratoscincus, specifically T. scincus and T. keyserlingii. The geckos inhabit a very extreme environment where it is not easy to survive, especially for the small hatchlings. Therefore, it is probable that small hatchlings live together with their parents in their territory for some time. If the parents tolerated them inside their territory, they would provide them with an indirect form of parental care. In the first part of the thesis the hypothesis that adults tolerate to the presence of juvenile conspecifics and heterospecifics (Eublepharis macularius) was tested. The main goal was to determine whether adults tolerate juveniles generally or whether they recognize juveniles conspecifics. To support the hypothesis of the adults' tolerance of juveniles the eggs of the adult geckos living in pair were left in their terrarium until the hatching of the juvenile. Further, the reaction of adult geckos to the presence of a E. macularius juvenile (small), admitted into the terrarium, was tested. The aim was to find out whether the two kinds of geckos, preying other geckoes in the nature, show predatory behavior toward the E. macularius. The standard experiment was carried out in the second...
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The analysis of playing interactions of a child at toddler age in a nursery
Petráňová, Tereza ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor) ; Morávková Krejčová, Lenka (referee)
This diploma thesis The analysis of palying interactions of a child at toddler age in a nursery is divided into two parts - the theoretical part and the empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter deals with the characteristics of a child at toddler age. The individual stages of child development are described here. The second chapter focuses on the child's play activities and the third characterises nursery care in the Czech Republic and abroad. The fourth chapter contains summary of the theoretical part. The survey presented in the empirical part of the thesis consists of an analysis of play interaction between two and three-year old children and their teacher in a nursery facility. The following actions of children were monitored: vocalisation, eye contact with other people and expression of emotions, motor activity, toy preference and mutual physical contact between the teacher and a child. Video records were analysed using applications V.I.P. (Video Interactive Procesor) and MS Excel. I compared not only the data of all children, but I also focused on a comparison between the boys and girls in terms of different gender. Key words: toddler, play interaction, nursery facility, nursery teacher, child development, parental care.
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Parental care and sociality in family Halictidae (Anthophila)
Vinická, Eliška ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Klimeš, Petr (referee)
Halictidae is an important family of bees interesting mainly for the diversification of social organisation of individual species. Their sociality ranges from solitary individuals who live and care for their offspring themselves, through species that build common nests, to eusocial colonies in which the reproductive division of labour has developed. Exploring such diversity among closely related species may contribute to understanding the evolution of sociality. Thus, we can observe the development of social organization up to its higher levels, such as eusociality, or conversely, gradual evolutionary regression to solitary individuals. For such research, however, it is necessary to know not only the phylogenetic development but especially a detailed description of social behaviour in individual species. However, there are few such studies. Some of them are summarized in this work.
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Evolution of sociality and parental care in bees of the genus Ceratina
Mikát, Michael ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Schwarz, Michael (referee) ; Bogusch, Petr (referee)
Small carpenter bees (genus Ceratina) are an excellent model taxon for the study of evolution of parental care and origin of eusociality. Prolonged offspring care is typical for this bee genus. Females usually guard their offspring until adulthood and later feed their adult offspring pollen and nectar. Moreover, most of studied species are facultatively eusocial, a trait probably inherited from the common ancestor of the genus. Although Ceratina bees have generally very interesting behavior, detailed studies were performed in only a few species, usually from North America, Japan and Australia. Only anecdotal observations of natural history existed for a few European species, and detailed research has not been performed before my thesis. The goal of my thesis is to explore the natural history of European species of Ceratina and to identify possible costs and benefits of this species' behavioral traits. I focused on following these behavioral traits: social nesting, guarding of offspring until adulthood, and feeding of mature offspring. Through my master project, I discovered biparental care in species C. nigrolabiata, therefore the most important goal of my Ph.D. project is the evaluation of costs and benefits of this behavior. Guarding of offspring by mother significantly influences their survival,...
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Feeding strategies in geotrupids (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae)
Sommer, David ; Král, David (advisor) ; Vondráček, Dominik (referee)
The work summarizes the biology (life histories) of the family Geotrupidae. Historical findings are confronted with current knowledge. The study is focused mainly on food strategies within the family Geotrupidae, their evolutionary origin, differences across taxa within the family and the existence of certain trends within different taxa and family as a whole. The nutritional strategies of adults and larvae are compared, as well as the conditions that can lead to a changesin feedings strategies. The general section parts are devoted to taxonomy and phylogeny of the subfamilies within the family Geotrupidae, adult morphology and larvae and their geographical distribution. In the section part dedicated to the biology of individual subfamily, in addition to the feeding strategies, the biotopes of individual taxa, the presence or absence of parental care, and the knowledge of nesting behavior of beetles are listed. The primary nutritional strategy of the family is coprophagy, but the change in food strategies has occurred in this family several times independently. No trend within the family was traced. Changing the feeding strategy from cognition to phytophagy occurred only once in evolution, and in adults of the subfamily Lethrinae. Both obligatory and facultative saprophagies have evolved in the...
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Psychological aspects of parental care for children with autism spectrum disorders
Felcmanová, Kateřina ; Niederlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Mertin, Václav (referee)
The thesis concerns the topic of parental care for children with autism spectrum disorder. In the theoretical part there are described the main areas in which the autistic spectrum disorders manifest and the description of particular disorders. Next chapter describes this issue from point of view of parental care, it describes the difficulty of the situation, the impact on the lives of parents and whole families, factors affecting the adaptation to the situation and its overall management. The qualitative study was chosen for the research. The sample is composed of 11 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Data for study was collected by half-structured interviews and supplemented by Logo-test. The results of study describe the impact of care for a child with autism spectrum disorder to the lives of parents, emotions in different situations, stressing and supporting aspects of the situation, scarce factors and external factors which the most affect the situation of parents. It seems that the situation causes numerous of changes in the lives of parents and affects their values and attitude to life. Difficulty of the situation is perceived in the area of time managment, psychological, physical and financial area. In the same time there are strong supporting factors, mainly family and...
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Male parental behaviour in rodents
Kopcová, Kateřina ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Pavelková, Věra (referee)
Paternal care is uncommon in mammals where males are more often involved in sexual competition for females than in providing care for their own offspring. Howewer some species present greater form of patertal care than metabolic investment in sex cells, and most of the time, this phenomenon is associated with a monogamous mating system. The direct costs of paternal behaviour are relatively well documented in primates, despite little research has explored these effects in monogamous rodents and even less in some polygynous rodents. The relative rarity of monogamy and associated paternal care has been interpreted in light of the relationship between parental investment and sexual selection. The major drawback of such bias is that most current hypothesis on rodent paternal behaviour are based mostly on data optained from a few species from temperate regions, mainly cricetids and murids, performed in controlled environment and in special conditions. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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