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Sexual dimorphism in tibial loading during human locomotion
Dvořáková, Barbora ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Friedl, Lukáš (referee)
Locomotion is one of the most important qualities of man and has always been associated with survival, foraging ans subsistence. During the course of evolution, men and women developed some form of gender specialization which resulted in different level of mobility between the sexes. Throughout history, the types of subsistence have changed and the degree of sedentism has increased. However, despite all the changes in subsistence, gender specialization and bone robusticity sexual dimorphism in the robusticity of the lower limb bones remained surprisingly stable. Is it possible that women load lower limb bones differenty than men (e.i. due to different body proportions)? The aim of this work is to determine wheter there is sexual dimorphism between the sexes of the recent living population in the cross-sectional properties of the tibia and in the load on the tibia during running. In this work we used images of the tibia from magnetic resonance imaging and kinematic and kinetic data during the run of 20 probands. By using musculoskeletal modeling we estimated the bending moment acting at 50 % of the tibial length as well as the angle of action of this moment. After adjusting for size, no significant difference was found in the results of cross-sectional geometry of the bone in any of the monitored...
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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Morphology of the mandible with regard to the demographic structure of the early medieval burial area Mikulčice
Thon, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Velemínský, Petr (referee)
This Master's thesis focuses on the influence of socioeconomic status on the morphology of the mandible of individuals from the early medieval burial area in Mikulčice. This hillfort was an important center of power of the Great Moravian Empire with a stratified society. This work compares 2 different approaches on how to divide the inhabitants. The first of them is the division of individuals according to the location of graves into individuals from the castle, sub-castle, and hinterland. The second approach is the division of individuals according to the richness of grave equipment into individuals with rich and poor grave equipment. A different social status is associated mainly with different diets. Therefore, the attachments of the masticatory muscles are the most affected areas. A total of 132 individuals (59 males and 73 females) were analyzed. The material was evaluated by methods of geometric morphometrics. The used methods were CDP DCA, GPA, two-sample t-test, PCA, MANOVA, and SVM. Sexual dimorphism was observed in all sub-groups of the Mikulčice population. Men have larger mandibles with rami wider apart. The biggest differences are between individuals from the castle, the smallest between individuals with rich grave equipment. The distribution of individuals based on the location of...
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Modelling of human palate surface development from 7 years to adulthood
Moravec, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Zemková, Daniela (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the differences in the development of the palate in girls and boys within five age groups in the age range of 7 to 19 years, using methods of geometric morphometry. Furthermore, the work deals with the monitoring of sexual dimorphism in the development of the palate. Understanding palate growth, knowledge of differences in its development and changes related to sexual dimorphism are very useful, as the results of this study will serve as a comparative standard for palate defects in the Czech population, but also for appropriate planning of orthodontic procedures. The material consists of 228 gypsum castings of palate without any pathologies, 112 of which belonged to boys and 116 girls of the Czech population. Thus, transverse data are used in our study. The subjects were divided into five age groups 7, 10, 12, 15 and 19 with respect to gender. Age changes of the entire palate surface were modeled using geometric morphometry methods (Coherent point drift - Dense correspondence analysis, Per vertex T- test and Principal component analysis). To visualize the results, superprojection color maps, maps of significance and superprojection. The results show the greatest variability in the form of palate in girls of groups 10 and 12 years and in boys of groups 10 years, and...
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Development of the oronasal facial region in children aged 7-17 years: longitudinal study
Jungvirtová, Tereza ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Moslerová, Veronika (referee)
This thesis is based on longitudinal monitoring of developmental changes of the oronasal region in a group of children from 7 to 17 years. Growth and shape changes, variability and sex dimorphism were monitored using 492 3D facial models of 40 boys and 47 girls. These models were obtained by yearly scanning children aged 7 to 12 years and 12 to 17 years. The Vectra 3D optical scanner was used to obtain the models and data were evaluated using classical and geometric morphometry methods (T-test, DCA, Per vertex T-test and Principal component analysis). The results of the analyses were visualized using superprojection color maps of average faces and significance maps that show statistically significant regions of oronasal region changes. During the period under review, the growth of the oronasal region is evident in both girls and boys. The most intense growth occurred in the area of the nasal spine in both sexes, so there was a lengthening of the nose. Overall, the oronasal region extended and expanded to acquire a more convex shape. Growth intensity increased in girls from 10 years and in boys from 11 years. Sexual dimorphism was pronounced up to 11 years, between 12 and 13 the differences were not as pronounced as in the previous age categories, and these changes began to increase again from 14...
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Relationship between testosterone and man facial morphology
Šefčíková, Alexandra ; Třebický, Vít (advisor) ; Pokorný, Šimon (referee)
Sex hormones influence the overall development of the individual, its development of the metabolic processes, and the distribution of the adipose and muscle tissue, the anatomy of the skeleton, the features of the face and the general appearance of the feminine and masculine phenotype. The morphological differences between men and women can be observed and studied already at the very young age. It is estimated that these differences relate to the distinct levels of the prenatal sex hormones. The occurring changes on face are continuously increasing during the period of adolescence yet, the peak of their development is spotted at puberty. In men's case, the level of testosterone is high enough to boost the growth of the secondary sex differences and the masculine features. In comparison with women, the face of men becomes more robust where the prominence of the supraciliary arch, nose and jowl is extended. The sex dimorphism of the face is one of the most significant signs of the intrasexual and intersexual selection. Key words: Morphology, face, sexual dimorphism, hormones, testosterone
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Assessment of facial morphology in patients with orofacial clefts in relation to surgical protocols
Moslerová, Veronika ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Dostálová, Taťjana (referee) ; Katina, Stanislav (referee)
The presented thesis summarizes the results of research on craniofacial morphology in patients with facial cleft defects in relation to therapeutic approaches (Caganova et al., 2014; Dadáková et al., 2016; Hoffmannova et al., 2016; Hoffmannova et al., 2018; Moslerová et al., 2018). The effect of therapy in individuals with pathological growth disorders cannot be evaluated without detailed auxological studies of control subjects whose facial morphology, longitudinal changes, or manifestations of sexual dimorphism were evaluated upon similar methodology (Koudelová et al. 2015). Therefore, the thesis was conceived as a volume of six publications complemented with a general synthetic introduction into the area of study. Together, the thesis includes probands in a broad age spectrum from birth to 15 years with a total of 294 facial 3D scans, 36 tele-X-ray face images, 3D scans of 112 gypsum palate castings. The methods of geometric morphometry and multidimensional statistics prevail in the assessment. The main clinical part of the thesis deals with the influence of two types of surgery on the facial growth and development of patients with cleft palate, namely secondary spongioplasty (SS) and neonatal cheiloplasty (NCH). Neonatal cheiloplasty (NCH) is the surgery whose effects were studied from several...
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Golden-ringed Dragonfly (Cordulegaster boltonii): Effect of individual male characteristics on their epigamic behavior
Rohlíková, Barbora ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Holuša, Otakar (referee)
My study researches the individual male characteristics of Cordulegaster boltonii in relation to their epigamic behavior. The first part of this study analyzes the relations of the measured characteristics (length and height of the wing, wings area, body weight, age), in the second part I assess their possible effect on the epigamic behavior of males of Cordulegaster boltonii, specifically how they affect the intensity of searching for females. Males of this species perform distinctive scanning flights over a stream to find an ovipositing female to mate with her. I used individually marked males to quantify their performance which can be interpreted as reproductive success because more active males are more likely to meet and mate females. My work includes 3 methods of evaluating activity. The first is based on the actual number of flights, the second on the average daily order of the males (based on the number of flights in days when the males have been seen). The third method combines the average daily order with number of days when the males could be seen. In the second part of the study I evaluate the effect of the above-mentioned individual characteristics on the flight activity of males. The outcome of the GLM indicates that the only characteristic with significant effect is the age of the...
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Sexual dimorphism in the mouse olfactory system
Kuntová, Barbora ; Stopka, Pavel (advisor) ; Havlíček, Jan (referee) ; Žídek, Lukáš (referee)
Sexually dimorphic behaviour of the house mouse (Mus musculus musculus) relies on various physical and chemical cues, however, chemical signals are the most essential cues for individual recognition and in causing various priming effects on reproductive behaviour of the receiver. House mice belong to macrosmatic mammals, and thus, their sense of smell is highly developed and is able to recognize a wide spectrum of ligands from other individuals and from their surrounding environment. Volatile signals belong to organic compounds that are produced by most tissues, and may have harmfull effects on cells, and thus they are transported out of the body with lipocalin transporters where some of them may function as signals. These volatile signals are able to stimulate chemosensory neuronal receptors, and thus, yield particular responses in neural circuits. The ligand sensing has a differential effect upon males and females, however, it has not been shown yet in wild mice whether these differences are also caused by the variation in receptors and neural processing, or rather by differential expression of signals typical for each sex. The aim of this thesis was to perform comparative analysis of orofacial mucosal tissues to determine the specificity of expression of particular lipocalins. For the first time...
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