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The function of p53 protein in mitochondria
Magdálková, Kateřina ; Stibůrek, Lukáš (advisor) ; Kalous, Martin (referee)
Protein p53 is known as a tumor supressor. In nucleus, p53 regulates the expression of its target genes, which are involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair and cell death. Protein p53 also has transcription-independent activities outside the nucleus. Certain amount of this protein can be found in mitochondria, where it is involved in mitochondrial genom integrity maintaining. Under stress conditions, p53 rapidly translocates to outer mitochondrial membrane, and takes a part in apoptotic signalling pathway. Keywords: p53, mitochondria, mtDNA, apoptosis
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Spreading of praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) in Europe
Vitáček, Jakub ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Gvoždík, Václav (referee)
Climate change is one of the most important factor determining species ranges. In Europe there is now evidence for northward areal expansion in many Mediterranean insects including the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa). This species is the only representative of the order Mantodea inhabiting central Europe. The northern edge of the species distribution currently reaches latitude 53ř North. Although, the praying mantis is well known insect there is not enough evidence about its phylogeography. In this work three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, Cyt b) were selected for phylogenetic study. Results indicate three statistically supported distinct lineages in Europe: Eastern European, Central European and Western European. Presumably these lineages are consistent with isolation during the last glacial and re-colonization from glacial refugia. Reduced haplotype diversity on the northern edge suggests currently established populations at the northern distribution border. To validate mtDNA results it was also considered four microsatellite loci. Due to different type of inheritance mtDNA and nuclear DNA it is possible to compare two independent genetic datasets. Microsatellite analysis confirmed results obtained on mitochondrial data. Three major genetic clusters were found: east, west and central. Spatial...
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Phylogeny of selected genera of geckos in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions
Červenka, Jan
Phylogeny of selected genera of geckos in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions Jan Červenka Ph.D. thesis Abstract This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three published articles and one manuscript, and is focused on the phylogenetic relationships of selected species of geckos from the Mediterranean and surrounding areas. The group of geckos of interest shares the common characteristic of an absence of adhesive lamellas on their toes. Historically, it was assumed that these species were closely related. Molecular-phylogenetic approaches were used in order to reveal the phylogenetic relationships within this group, especially using the sequential data from mitochondrial genes. Morphological characteristics commonly used in lizards were studied in connection with the ecology of the group. This thesis provides the first more detailed view of the phylogeny of the studied species. The results show that the genus Cyrtopodion, previously considered as monophyletic, in fact is not monophyletic as the genera Bunopus and Agamura represent its inner groups. Mediodactylus, the subgenus of Cyrtopodion, forms monophylum but is not closely related to the other members of the genus and so was reclassified as the independent genus. The enigmatic and yet so far very poorly studied genus Carinatogecko was discovered to be the...
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Mitochondrial DNA variability in the Central European populations.
Veselá, Monika ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the genetic diversity of mtDNA of populations in Central Europe and to assess its relation to geographic distances and/or linguistic affiliation of individual populations. For this purpose, HVS-1 mtDNA segments of 194 individuals of 6 Slovak populations were sequenced. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were estimated for obtained sequences, and compared with similar data published by other authors (4 798 sequences of HVS-1 mtDNA segment of 42 population units in Central Europe in total). Intra-population analysis revealed a high level of gene and nucleotide diversity of studied populations, with values clearly decreasing from north to south. While the Slovak populations were bearing the highest rates of genetic diversity, the lowest values were detected in the Croatian populations. The results of ΦST distances point to a certain similarity of the Slavic population (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Germanic (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) as well as some groups from Hungary and Romania. As the most distant appeared especially the population of Croatia, which differed from almost all populations included in the study. AMOVA showed that the geographic division of population explains the layout of genetic variation...
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Mitogenomic phylogeography and adaptive evolution of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus
Filipi, Karolína ; Kotlík, Petr (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
This thesis is a part of the project aimed at sequencing the genome and transcriptome of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). The role of natural selection in the evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been subject to much discussion; while some studies did not provide evidence that selection affected the phylogeography of the studied species, other considered adaptive evolution important. The bank vole is the key model we use to study the adaptation to climate change. As with other species, the phylogeography of the bank vole has been based on the variation of a small part of mtDNA. The goal of the thesis was to sequence the entire mitochondrial genome for representatives of all main mtDNA lineages of the bank vole using the Sanger and Illumina technologies, and to assess the role of selection and adaptation in the evolution and phylogeography of this species. The adaptive evolution in mtDNA probably was not the main driving force during the postlacial colonization of Europe. However, signatures of adaptive evolution have been found - an amino acid change with possible functional consequences in one gene and an excess of radical changes in physical- chemical properties of amino acids in populations at the latitudinal (northern and southern) extremes of the bank vole distribution. Key...
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Phylogeny of selected genera of geckos in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions
Červenka, Jan ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Moravec, Jiří (referee) ; Gvoždík, Václav (referee)
Phylogeny of selected genera of geckos in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions Jan Červenka Ph.D. thesis Abstract This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three published articles and one manuscript, and is focused on the phylogenetic relationships of selected species of geckos from the Mediterranean and surrounding areas. The group of geckos of interest shares the common characteristic of an absence of adhesive lamellas on their toes. Historically, it was assumed that these species were closely related. Molecular-phylogenetic approaches were used in order to reveal the phylogenetic relationships within this group, especially using the sequential data from mitochondrial genes. Morphological characteristics commonly used in lizards were studied in connection with the ecology of the group. This thesis provides the first more detailed view of the phylogeny of the studied species. The results show that the genus Cyrtopodion, previously considered as monophyletic, in fact is not monophyletic as the genera Bunopus and Agamura represent its inner groups. Mediodactylus, the subgenus of Cyrtopodion, forms monophylum but is not closely related to the other members of the genus and so was reclassified as the independent genus. The enigmatic and yet so far very poorly studied genus Carinatogecko was discovered to be the...
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The genetic links around the Red Sea as revealed by the mtDNA
Čížková, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Rídl, Jakub (referee)
The Red Sea region is one of the important places that allow us to uncover traces of the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Besides the questions related to its expansion out of Africa, this region is also important in terms of the mutual influence between populations of Africa and Arabia that after a long period of isolation and genetic differentiation related to climate change in the Pleistocene and subsequent development of seaways and land routes in the Holocene began to contact with each other more frequently. Number of genetic analyzes has been done but some issues concerning on the later development still remain inadequately answered, mainly because of insufficient material. This work is focused on the analysis of 200 mtDNA sequences of four Sudanese populations - two populations of nomadic herdsmen Rashaida and Beja living in the close neighborhood around the city of Kassala and speaking different languages and two populations of the Nile Valley with settled way of life. Analysis of the intrapopulation level revealed much higher diversity of the sedentary populations (in this work the sedentary populations are represented by the Nubians and Arabs). Interpopulation variability and genetic distances within other 46 populations of the Red Sea showed that although Rashaida and Beja people...
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Hereditary Mitochondrial Disorders Caused by Oxidative Phosphorylation Disfunction
Hanušová, Eva ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
Hereditary Mitochondrial Disorders Caused by Oxidative Phosphorylation Dysfunction This bachelor thesis deals with problems of hereditary mitochondrial disorders that are caused by various dysfunctions of proteins in oxidative fosforylation known as OXPHOS complex. Following recherche provides the reader with information about the genom and the structure of mitochondria where the OXPHOS is realized and about its structure and progress. I describe basic facts about various mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA that negatively affect function of OXPHOS complex and the biogenesis of mitochondria. The focus of this work is to summarize the newest data of individual diseases - their clinical manifestation, etiopatogenesis, prevalance in population and its possible treatment and prevention. Key words: hereditary, mtDNA, mitochondrial diseases, OXPHOS complex
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Mitochondrial RNA in mammalian cell
Balvín, Sebastian ; Ježek, Petr (advisor) ; Magner, Martin (referee)
Mitochondrion is an important organelle maintaining energy metabolism of the cell and participating in signalization, cell cycle and apoptosis. It's pathology causes several diseases. Replication, transcription and translation take place in mitochondria, similarly like in nucleus, though there are only 13 protein coding genes. However, these processes, as well as mitochondrial DNA and RNA, vary significantly from those present in nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is circular and both strands are replicated separately. Mitochondria form polycistronic transcripts, which are subsequently processed by tRNA. Mitochondrial ribosome evolved from prokaryotic one, but contains only half as much rRNA. Missing rRNAs are replaced by ribosomal proteins. These ribosomes contain even more proteins compared to much larger cytoplasmatic eukaryotic ones. This work is focused on current topic of mitochondrial molecular genetics: mitochondrial rRNA and ribosome, especially ribosomal assembly. In this process mitochondrial rRNAs interact with nuclear encoded proteins. The whole process probably takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane close to the nucleoid. Our understanding to whole mechanism can help us to find a way how to cure mitochondrial pathologies.
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Fylogeography and intraspecific variability of the cetoniid beetle Potosia Cuprea
Fuchsová, Aneta ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Růžička, Jan (referee)
The presented thesis deals with the intraspecific variability of flower beetles species complex Potosia cuprea (Fabricius, 1795), which is a complex of taxa at the species and subspecies level. Flower beetles from species complex Potosia cuprea are among the most variable Palaearctic Cetoniinae at all. Taxa included in the complex produces chromatic range varieties which were, and still are, perceived differently by different authors. Taxa included in the analyses come primarily from western Palaearctic region, with the main emphasis on European species and subspecies. The aim of this work is the use of molecular genetics methods to verify the justification of their species or subspecies level. At all, there were obtained sequences for two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I) from 14 taxa species complex Potosia cuprea and three related species P. angustata (Germar, 1817), P. fieberi (Kraatz, 1931) and P. marginicollis (Ballion, 1870). Molecular analyzes based on COI dataset and concatenate of CytB and COI revealed the existence of a "European" clade P. cuprea, which includes subspecies: Potosia cuprea bourgini (Ruter, 1967), P. c. brancoi (Barraud, 1992), P. c. cuprea (Fabricius, 1775), P. c. metallica (Herbst, 1790) a P. c. obscura (Mikšić, 1954), to which also fit two...
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