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Philosophical approach to life and death of people who were between life and death
Příplatová, Silvie ; Svobodová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hogenová, Anna (referee) ; Prokešová, Miriam (referee)
This dissertation thesis goes into the depths of philosophical reflection on the nature of human existence and its relationship to life and death, especially for individuals who have gone through extreme life situations. The thesis explores attitudes towards free will, life and death in people who have found themselves on the brink of life, whether due to addiction, illness or other life-threatening situations. The aim is not only to analyse changes in these individuals' attitudes towards life and death, but also to explore the intellectual and philosophical development that may be prompted by this existential limit. Regardless of the cause of this confrontation with the limit of life and death, we seek to uncover how this experience affects the deeper dimensions of human existence. The work is based on the conviction that illness, although challenging on the physical plane, has an extraordinary effect on the spiritual sphere. It also highlights the impact of illness on the physical and spiritual aspects of the human being and seeks to show this by examining the works of great philosophers whose ideas have shaped the world. We will support this claim by analysing the works of important philosophers whose ideas have shaped our understanding of human existence. From Aristotle to Descartes, Nietzsche...
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Kant's Theory of Schematism
Bis, Ondřej ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Chotaš, Jiří (referee)
The thesis focuses on a chapter from Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, "The Schematism of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding". Kant assumes two independent sources of knowledge, understanding and intuition. These sources need to be overcome, because of their heterogeneity. Schematism is closely related to "The Deduction of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding". That is why the analysis of schemata is preceded by the analysis of this chapter. It shows a more detailed description of a role of intuition with respect to understanding. Firstly, the validity of the categories regarding whatever form of intuition is proved. Secondly, the proof of the validity of the categories regarding specific forms of time and space follows. The chapter on schematism deals with the specific methods by means of which the categories relate to intuition. Kant introduces transcendental schemata bridging the heterogeneity of understanding and intuition. The relation between category and schema is understood as one of analogy. The categories are rules of discursive type of unity of any kind of intuition, whereas schemata are determined as rules of perceptive unity of intuition. Intuition is brought under unity of apperception by means of schemata of imagination. Inseparable part of the thesis is the schematism of...
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Philosophical analysis and possible interpretations of Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Arazim Dolejší, Zuzana ; Vlasáková, Marta (advisor) ; Peliš, Michal (referee)
❆❜str❛❝t ❚❤❡ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛ t❤❡s✐s ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♦❢ ●ö✲ ❞❡❧✬s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss t❤❡♦r❡♠s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜r❛♥❝❤❡s♦❢♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✭♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②♦❢♠✐♥❞✱ ❑❛♥t✬s ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✮✳ P❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡s t♦ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r✐❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ◆♦♥✲❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ ❣❡♦♠❡t✲ r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♥❡ss t❤❡♦r❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ●ö❞❡❧✬s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss t❤❡♦r❡♠✱ ●❡♥t③❡♥✬s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ P❡❛♥♦ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❍✐❧❜❡rt✬s ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳
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From Descates' Mind to Kant's Reason
Dekastello, Petr ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The basic subject-matter of my research is R. Descartes' Meditations On First Philosophy and I examine the term intellect and its position within the mind and its relation to thought. My work includes a study of sensation and imagination which provide the intellect with "material" to judge. The objective of my thesis is to demonstrate the role the intellect plays in terms of reason and to present an interpretation of the way in which the mind is designated in relation to reason according to Rene Descartes in his writing and in his responses to objections. The position and functions of the intellect are understood as a logical structure of mutual dependence and as the elements essential for the understanding of the human soul substance. At the end of my thesis I demonstrate that the system of reason of R. Descartes might be considered as the basis for the transcendental conception of reason in Kant's philosophy, which leads to an idealistic world conception and is founded on thinking a priori. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Changability of human nature in light of a value
Jelínek, Jakub ; Barabas, Marína (advisor) ; Holba, Jiří (referee)
This work presents the question whether our nature is changeable and deserves changing in the ethical sense, on the contrast of Kant's moral philosophy with Buddhist thinking. Kant's approach associates morality with pressure on desires (mainly speaking of inclinations - habitual sensuous desires) because it understands sensuality - where it places them - as given. Splitting a human being into reason (standing aside from causality) and sensuality is the cause why Kant's efforts to incorporate moral progress (towards "joyful fulfilling of one's duty") into his system fail, unless it is to undergo a radical reconstruction. However, the experience of craving shows its non-mechanical basis, the basis in understanding its object as of a value for us. The Buddhist account of non-self (similarly to Heidegger's thought that we at first understand ourselves wrongly as an entity that only occurs) problematises this understanding. The self-demarcation, which establishes craving means understanding oneself as an object, with which something can happen and which can have some attributes. But our experience of freedom shows, that our power to act is not a possibility of that sort. If we are able to recognize self-demarcation (selfishness) as a fallacy, it means that our nature is changeable. And because such...
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