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Prevention and diagnosis of HIV infection
JANKOVCOVÁ, Jana
The title of this bachelor thesis is "HIV Prevention and Diagnosis". HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is divided into HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV infection has three stages, which are defined by the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the blood and have different clinical symptoms. The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS, which stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The main mode of transmission of the virus is sexual contact, followed by blood transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The main treatment for HIV/AIDS is antiretroviral chemotherapy and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. Prevention is important and includes pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and barrier protection. HIV diagnosis is most commonly based on ELISA and western blotting. Rapid tests are also used for diagnosis. For my thesis, I set the main goal, namely to find out what is the awareness of the young generation in South Bohemia about HIV issues. For this goal I set one hypothesis, namely that I assume that awareness is low and that most of the population does not know how to protect themselves effectively. To achieve this goal I used a questionnaire survey. The second goal of my work was to conduct my own laboratory research on HIV testing in different groups of people, and my hypothesis for this goal was that I assumed that there would be a minimal number of reactive samples in the research, since the prevalence of HIV in the Czech Republic is low. The questionnaire survey showed that my hypothesis was correct, and that the majority of the population that is sexually active cannot effectively protect themselves, and that awareness of HIV issues is insufficient. The laboratory investigation, which took place over a period of one month, also confirmed my hypothesis; no sample was reactive.
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"We're here, we're queer, get used to it!" Representation of Particular Isssues of LGBT+ Community in TV Series after 2000
SKALÁK, Pavel
The diploma thesis focuses on selected specific issues that LGBTQ people (lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals, and other queer people) face due to their different non- heteronormative sexual and gender identities. Attention is paid specifically to issues of discrimination, stereotyping, partnership (marriage vs. registered partnership), parenthood, attributed promiscuity, and HIV / AIDS. The author focuses on fiction series broadcast between 2000 and 2021, which deals with queer topis and includes LGBTQ characters in the main or supporting roles, focusing on ways of depicting these characters and reflecting on selected issues they experience due to their identity. In foreign series such as Glee, Modern Family, Orange Is the New Black, Pose, Tales of the City, Sex Education, The Politician, It's a Sin and in the Czech series Ulice and MOST! the ways in which the series presents LGBTQ characters are analysed, in what discourse they are talked about and what effect these depictions may have on the majority heterosexual cisgender viewer. The thesis also provides an overview of the most common narrative archetypes of LGBTQ characters appearing in media production. These are also supplemented by examples of characters from the series of the last 20 years. Through a critical analysis of selected series and their reception, the author tries to point out the importance of portraying people with different sexual and gender identities and the influence of this television representation on the formation of opinions and attitudes towards LGBTQ people.
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Current approaches in the development of vaccines against infectious viral diseases
Vargová, Soňa ; Malý, Petr (advisor) ; Osička, Radim (referee)
Vaccination remains one of the most successful biomedical interventions for preventing viral diseases. While early vaccines were developed by attenuating the infectious agent in cell cultures or by inactivation, new delivery platforms are on the rise thanks to the advent of genetic engineering. The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated the rapid adoption and a massive deployment of these platforms. Viral vector vaccines elicit antigen expression within cells and induce a robust cytotoxic T cell response, unlike protein subunit vaccines conferring mainly humoral immunity. mRNA vaccines also deliver the antigen inside the cells while offering more manageable and faster manufacturing possibilities. Unlike DNA-based vaccines, mRNA does not enter the nucleus, and thus, the probability of disrupting gene expression in the recipient cell is diminished. This thesis aims to offer an overview of current approaches in vaccinology and discuss the various platforms in use. The thesis will also present recent advances in the development of prophylactic vaccines against infections with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and also will focus on a recently proposed strategy for vaccine development based on non-cognate ligands mimicking epitopes recognised by broadly neutralising antibodies...
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Global trends in HIV/AIDS mortality
Aubrecht, Vratislav ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
This thesis is focused on the development of HIV/AIDS mortality in the world starting from the year 1990 and the main goal is estimating the possible future development of the number of inhabitants of the world and defined regions and the influence of HIV/AIDS on the number of inhabitants up to the year 2065. The possible number of HIV/AIDS deaths and people, who were not born because of HIV and AIDS, is computed up to this year. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the most important institutions, which include fight against HIV and AIDS as a part of ther programme, are presented. Natural history of HIV infection and the successes in the research of HIV vaccine are described. In the analytical part, the demographic reproduction of the population of the world and selected regions between years 1950 and 2010 is described, followed by population projection of the world and regions up to year 2065 using the cohort component method. The projection is created in four variants. The first one eliminates the HIV/AIDS mortality. The second one is the constant variant, which conserve the level of HIV/AIDS mortality from the year 2010 up to the year 2065. Last two variants, higher and lower, consider changing levels of HIV/AIDS mortality at time. According to the results of this population projection,...
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Selected Bacterial and Viral Infections Transmitted through Sexual Contact
Tesařová, Kateřina ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
Selected bacterial and viral infections transmitted through sexual contact The abstract This thesis deals with selected bacterial and viral venereal disease. It is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) transmitted mainly through sexual contact. The elaborated retrieval work deals with the occurrence of these selected infections - chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts and cervical cancer. Its task is a summary of the issue of sexually transmitted diseases, a detailed introduction to current information and results of scientific research. The attention is paid to the individual diseases, the general characteristics of viruses or bacteria, symptoms and mode of transmission. Further the study points to ways of diagnosis and treatment, epidemiological incidence of infection. Last but not least the emphasis is on prevention. Keywords: sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV / AIDS, genital herpes, genital wals, cervical cancer
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Specificities of the HIV / AIDS spread in the European Union countries
Plháková, Johana ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor) ; Gorka, Anna (referee)
Specifities of the HIV/AIDS spread in the European Union countries Abstract The bachelor thesis describes the spread of HIV and AIDS in the European Union. The first part provides an overview of important documents that are shaping a strategy for fighting against HIV and AIDS in the European Union. The thesis provides in the following part a brief history of HIV and AIDS, modes of transmission and treatment. The main part gives an overview of the situation in the European Union in the years 1985-2013. There is drawn up analysis for each country of the situation in this period. The situation is mapped by indicators of mortality and incidence. The analytical part of the thesis is handled by using cluster analysis for comparison between states. Through this analysis is offered a list of comparison waveforms incidence of HIV/AIDS. Keywords: HIV, AIDS, spread, European Union
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New approaches in vaccination against HIV
Dobiášová, Julie ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Strachotová, Dita (referee)
A B S T R A C T Most current vaccines are based on using whole-inactivated viruses. After creating the immune response and immune memory is organism able to cope with infection create by patogens. In the case of HIV, however, fail to produce the vaccine, which would have been able vaccinated individual from subsequent infections protect. Virus HIV attacks CD4+ cells and destroys the immune system. Rate of his replication is high and virus HIV is resistant to existed antivirotics. And he is resistant before cells, which conveying the immune response. Moreover, the virus persists in cell in the form proviral DNA. For a successful vaccine against HIV is developed a lot of new vaccines and vaccination procedures. One way is the using recombinat viral glycoproteins, which are incorporated into the membrane of virus HIV, which should produce in the vaccinated organism production of neutralizing antibodies. Some modern models of vaccines strategies don't target the virus itself, but they target the restriction of HIV infection by destroying infected cells via apoptosis, or cytokine secretion. Using plasmid DNA cobination with recombinant vectors appear as the most perepective opportinity to develop HIV vaccine. Unfortunately, traditional models or new models of vaccine against HIV are failing to provide a...
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Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among adolescents in the selected region
Sajdlová, Magdalena ; Marádová, Eva (advisor) ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (referee)
TITLE: Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV / AIDS among adolescents in the selected region AUTHOR: Bc. Magdalena Sajdlová DEPARTMENT: Department of education and social education, department of health education SUPERVISOR: Peadr. Eva Marádová, Csc. ABSTRACT: The thesis is divided into the two parts. The first part describes basic information about HIV and AIDS - the essence of the disease, transmission of disease, method of spreading the principles of diagnosis, therapy options. I describe the basic principles of prevention for a wide strata of the population and the basic principles of teaching, education and prevention in the elementary school. The second part is called research investigation. It describes the basic structure of the work. The research part contains the way of teaching of HIV and AIDS in three selected elementary schools and one selected secondary school in eighth classes. Information was obtained using a questionnaire, where I find the knowledge and attitudes of pupil sin individual schools and an interview with a teacher who has taught this subject. The results of the schools compare with each other. Based on the results of the evaluation recommendations processing (content, form) for individual schools. KEYWORDS: HIV / AIDS, disease characteristics, disease prevention
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The possibility of determination of HIV antibodies avidity for early infection detection
Diničová, Michaela ; Janďourek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Specialist on Laboratory Methods Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: The possibility of determination of HIV antibodies avidity for early infection detection The determination of early HIV infection in the Czech Republic is based on a combination of results of laboratory examination, clinical examination, and information from an epidemiological report. The identification of patient in the acute phase of the disease allows to search for targeted contact to reduce further spread of HIV, as patients in the early phase of the disease are the riskiest for transmission of infection. One of the laboratory markers of the acute phase of infection is low avidity of antibodies, which expresses the strength of bonds between antigen and antibody. The determination of avidity is based on fact that avidity in recent infections is low because antibodies do not bind tightly enough to antigen and avidity increases when the immune response matures. Quantitatively, it is expressed by the avidity index, which determines what part of the antibodies (%) will remain bound in complex with the antigen after incubation with chaotropic agent, in our case with guanidine...
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