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Language, speech and understanding
Zajíc, Václav ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee) ; Zika, Richard (referee)
This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...
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Incorporation and Morality. The Conception of a Body in Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy
Chavalka, Jakub ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Novák, Aleš (referee) ; Nitsche, Martin (referee)
My dissertation firstly attempts to define the methodological principles of Nietzsche's analysis of a body and corporeality by means of the concept of physiopsychology (Physio- Psychologie). Nietzsche tries for an explanation of moral judgements as symptoms of bodily conditions and in physiopsychology he detects what is withheld behind moral judgments and shows that their source is always some drive or instinct. This conclusion leads to the core metaphors he uses in thinking about a body: the body as a teacher (Der Leib als Lehrmeister) or the body as a guiding thread (Der Leib als Leitfaden). The first section discusses the process of incorporation (Einverleibung), which, according to Nietzsche, is the foundation of an anthropogenesis. A human must incorporate some schemes (firstly the belief in the sameness of the thing), that form the specific conditions, in order to cultivate himself as a species, which is capable of surviving. The incorporated schemes must be inherently erroneous, but Nietzsche emphasizes that the truth isn't a point in an anthropogenesis, but a firm anchor for a human in the world. The physiopsychologist describes incorporated errors and finds their un/presence in particular value judgments. The second section approaches a body and corporeality relationship from a different point of...
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Heidegger's concept of freedom, 1927-1930
Dubovec, Marcel ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Mitterpach, Klement (referee) ; Muránsky, Martin (referee)
DUBOVEC, M.: Heidegger's concept of freedom, 1927-1930 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Humanities, Institute for German and French Philosophy The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to present Heidegger's concept of freedom between 1927 and 1930. It puts emphasis on the difference between the fundamental-ontological and the transcendental concept of freedom. The elaboration of this difference is founded on the transformation of the ontological difference in its three forms: the difference of the being of beings (existential approach), the difference of the being and beings (transcendental/metontological) and the cosmological difference as a difference between the thing and the world (phenomenological metaphysics). The central manifestation of the difference is the possibility of a deeper understanding of freedom beyond its existential structures (Being and time) that focus on authenticity. The transcendental concept of freedom is the essence of the ground in the context of transcendence and the world and as such it is also the ground for existentially conceived freedom. In order to show this hierarchy in particular, Heidegger's debate on Kant's concept of freedom as spontaneity will be explained. Spontaneity is a specific form of causality and as such it is also grounded in transcendental...
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Nicholas of Cusa on Human, Intellect and Number
Šenovský, Jakub ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Nejeschleba, Tomáš (referee) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee)
This thesis deals with the anthropological thinking of Nicholas of Cusa. The first part presents the fundamental metaphysical motifs that are the basis for this anthropology - above all, it concerns the conception of human as a mind (intellect). This conception is linked with the thinking of the first Principle (God) as the unity that is identical with itself. This unity/oneness of the One descends into the world through number that is one and multiple at the same time (all higher numbers consist of ones). The emphasis on unity of the One and on number as a mean of the creation is the reason, why Cusa's main concern, regarding the understanding of the world, aren't individual substances, but the relations between these substances. And for this kind of metaphysical thinking it is really important to develop also a strong notion of human intellect (mind), but the first philosophical texts to some extent fail to do so. The second part of this thesis deals with the proper anthropology that is developed in the dialogues with the idiota. It is shown what is the role of human mind in the dynamics of descent and ascent of unity of the One - it is the human mind and its intellectual return to its Beginning through which is all creation being made one and being brought to its true nature that is the One. The last...
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The Principle of Sufficient Reason in Kant and Meillassoux: On the Reason and Unreason of Post-metaphysical Thought
Sistiaga, Sergey ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Sepp, Hans Rainer (referee) ; Theis, Robert (referee)
The Principle of Sufficient Reason in Kant and Meillassoux: On the Reason and Unreason of Post-metaphysical Thought. The aim of this thesis is to probe the alleged grounds of post-metaphysical thought in order to unearth its foundations. This genetic-systematic inquiry thus not only aims to scrutinize possible interpretations of the judgment the tribunal of reason is said to have passed on itself qua reason, but, more importantly, to revise the very judgment itself and to question the legitimacy of the tribunal. Apart from the fact that self-administered justice rarely results in convictions, the process seems ill-conceived from the start. The thesis sets in with an analysis of Quentin Meillassoux's recent invigorating and highly original re- discovery of post-metaphysical thought's unreason and a close reading of Kant's relevant pre- critical and critical works: while judgment was indeed passed in the name of "pure reason", it was not passed on reason itself but merely on its "logical" use. Only reason's usus logicus, not its usus realis were indicted by reason. In other words, the judgment has been misunderstood. The reason for this misunderstanding is located in Kant's philosophical presuppositions, which thus emerge as the very unreason of post-metaphysical thought. Since such unreason cannot...
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The Geneaology of the Apollinian and Dioynisian Principle
Soška, Bernard ; Chavalka, Jakub (advisor) ; Novák, Aleš (referee)
This work is focused on the work The Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzsche. The aim of this work is an attempt to reveal the origin of the concept of the apollinian and dionysian principle. We assume that Nietzsche conceals his true sources in the Birth of Tragedy from the reader. However, in this work, based on numerous clues from the primary text, we show that both the Dionysian and the Apollonian principle derives from the German Romantic tradition of the first half of the 19th century. In this thesis we prove this statement on many examples of authentic sources which Nietzsche has demonstrably worked with. The main "discovery" of the work lies in the historical contextualization of the formation of both principles within the conflict between Romanticism and Classicism concerning the true nature of Greek culture.
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The Concepts of Decadence and Health in Nietzsche's Late Philosophy
Vodička, Marek ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Chavalka, Jakub (referee)
The Concepts of Decadence and Health in Nietzsche's Late Philosophy The thesis deals with the concepts of decadence and health, which feature prominently in Nietzsche's late thinking. The core sources of the thesis are Nietzsche's works from 1888, namely The Case of Wagner, Twilight of the Idols, The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo and Nietzsche contra Wagner, although earlier works are occasionally cited as well. The thesis aims to explore what the motives decadence and health mean in the context of late Nietzsche's thinking, what role they play in his grand philosophical project of the revaluation of all values, and how they interplay with each other. A consistent motive is applied throughout the thesis, that of decadence and health being opposites in terms of "amount" or "direction" of will to power manifesting itself through them - decadence, or bodily decay, is taken to represent a descending line of life characterized by a lack of will to power, and suffering from "a lack of life", while health is taken to represent an ascending line of life which is characterized as overflowing with life and suffering from it as well. The concepts of decadence and health are thus interpreted as physiological manifestations of these two directions, or, roughly said, "vectors" of will to power. The first chapter of the thesis...
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Human in the light of science
Houdek, Tomáš ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Chavalka, Jakub (referee) ; Prázný, Aleš (referee)
The paper thematizes the concept of science in mid- and late thinking of Friedrich Nietzsche in the context of his understanding of scientific cognition of both: human and its world. The study introduces the problem of science and cognition in general in connection with significant motives of Nietzsche's thinking: morality, the revaluation of all values, thinking and living "beyond good and evil", freedom, human body, the superhuman motive, ascetic ideals, and more. Emphasis is put on the problem of veracity in the context of Nietzsche's attitude to idealism. Keywords Human; Superhuman; Nietzsche; Moral Philosophy; Cognition; Truth; Error; Intelect; Body; The Will to Power; Drive and Instinct; Evolution; Idealism; Nihilism; Amor fati; Beyond Good and Evil; Freedom; Ascetic ideals
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