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Affective state elicitation using pictoral and audiovisual stimuli: A comparative study
Novák, Ondřej ; Kebza, Vladimír (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Both pictures and films are widely used elicitors in experimental approach to emotions. However, there is no consensus regarding their relative impact. I describe conceptual underpinning of these methods, their theoretical comparison, and related methods. In a study of 124 students I assess and compare the impact of pictures and films on experiential, behavioural and physiological reactions. There were stronger reactions in response to positive film than to positive pictures. Negative film and pictures were similar in strength yet different in kind of reactions they yielded. The difference can be explained by different temporal characteristics of both methods. Present study is the second study dealing with this topic, and the only study that engaged multiple reaction levels. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Application PFT in adults in psychological counselling
Míková, Gabriela ; Čáp, David (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
This bachelor thesis handles the possibilities of applying the Rosenzweig PFT in psychological counselling concerning the adult population. At first, the definition of psychological counselling in our environment is discussed. The following chapter deals with projective methods in psychological diagnosis of adults. This bachelor thesis aims to describe Rosenzweig PFT, mainly its administration, evaluation and description of psychometric indices. Several examples of application of this method in various fields of theoretical and applied psychology are included. The main area of this bachelor thesis is dedicated to the possibilities of usage of this method within psychological counselling. This work covers specific diagnostic possibilities of application of this method supported by research studies. The empirical part deals with measuring of development and type of reactions of subjects who went through the intervention program. Rosenzweig PFT is used in order to record the expected change.
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Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions
Zajícová, Markéta ; Niederlová, Markéta (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Title: Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions Author: Mgr. Markéta Zajícová Department: Department of Psychology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts Supervisor: Mgr. Ing. Martin Vraný Abstract: This work addresses the topic of emotion recognition from facial expressions. The theoretical part starts with general information about emotions; the most elaborated part, however, concerns basic emotions and their manifestation. One part of this work is also about the ability to recognize emotions, its deficits, and its methods of measurement. The theoretical part is closed by the topic of emotional intelligence, which is the overarching element. The empirical part focuses on the differences in the ability to recognize emotions. The results show that women are better in emotion recognition than men, similarly psychologists and coaches, unlike patients with a psychotic disorder whose results are sub- normal. The results also suggest the tendency of positive correlation between the level of education and the coveted ability - with increasing education the ability to recognize emotion expressions is improved. Subtle emotions are recognized with more difficulties in the test, but emotions displayed by out-group members are, against the expectations, better recognized. The results are unable to confirm...
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Self-control: disentanling inhibition and initiation
Kucharský, Šimon ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Self-control is usually defined as a unit in a regulatory cycle process. As such, it can be used for inhibition of urgent need or overriding impulsive responses, but it can also mean that person can engage in a behavior which is aversive at the moment. Contemporary the most influential is strength model of self-control that envisages one general and limited source of energy for every act of self-control. According to this model, after depleting this energy, one's ability to control his or her behavior or thought is impaired, even in domains that does not relate to the cause of the depletion. However, there has been substantial criticism of this model recently - regarding theoretical implausibility, possible bias in literature (or even manipulated results) and also growing body of evidence that is not in line with the model. Because of that, there are attempts to alter or dismiss the model. One of the possible updates is distinguishing between two domains of self-control (inhibition and initiation). This thesis overviews body of recent findings about self-control and proposes experimental design which could serve to verify hypothesis of existence of two independent domain of self- control. Limits of this approach and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Keywords: Self-control, ego...
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Possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions
Páchová, Anna ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
TITLE: The possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions AUTHOR: Anna Páchová DEPARTMENT: Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Miroslav Rendl, CSc. ABSTRACT: The topic of the PhD thesis was to explore the possibilities of the cognitive development using the training of the basal functions. The analysis of literature showed that (1) working memory (WM) is considered to be the function, which is frequently associated with higher cognitive processes and (2) core training can improve the WM capacity and this improvement seems to be transferred to other types of memory. The transfer to higher cognitive functions (intelligence) was not confirmed unanimously. Training programs were evaluated usually in different groups of individuals but none of these studies considered the possibility of WM training in context of the socio-cultural handicap, even if low SES children achieve poorer performance in cognitive tests including tests of WM. Therefore the aim of this study was to verify the possibilities of WM training on cognitive development with special interest in low SES children. We designed a 400-minutes WM training PC program, which was applied on two groups of children with different SES (low SES - Roma children, middle/high SES - Czech children). The results showed that both groups...
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Reliability and validity of communication sociomapping: focused on peer-to-peer ratings in small work groups
Höschlová, Eva ; Bahbouh, Radvan (advisor) ; Šípek, Jiří (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Dissertation thesis: Reliability and validity of communication sociomapping: focused on peer-to-peer ratings in small work groups Author: Mgr. Eva Rozehnalová Supervisor: MUDr. Mgr. Radvan Bahbouh, Ph.D. Abstract: The theoretical part of the thesis shortly introduces the topic of group communication and identifies relevant influencing factors. The subsequent summary of the research studying the impact of communication on work group performance illustrates not only the importance of the group communication topic itself, but also the development of diagnostic methods in this field. Such methods are further summarised by focusing on their specific characteristics, differences and available validity and reliability data. The last chapter of the theoretical part briefly describes the sociomapping method measuring group communication with the up-to-date reliability and validity research. The empiric part of the thesis combines several studies performed to verify the quality of the sociomapping method in the field of group communication. The criterion validity of sociomapping visualization was studied as an accuracy of numeric data translation into distance matrices, the reliability was measured as an inter-rater agreement of interpreting sociomaps. The studies showed the sociomapping being highly relevant in...
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Factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities and odour awareness
Nováková, Lenka ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee) ; Vodička, Jan (referee)
The main body of the thesis deals with selected factors underlying the considerable variability in human olfactory abilities and some odour awareness-related measures, addressed in samples ranging in age from middle childhood to young adulthood. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part (Chapter 1), first presents the major advances and developments that brought about something of a renaissance of scientific interest in the human sense of smell, including the recent proliferation of psychophysical studies, both basic research and clinical. Next, an outline of olfactory psychophysical measures and related olfactory abilities that are of relevance to the studies presented in this thesis is provided. Subsequently, the selected factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities, that have been addressed by this thesis, are reviewed, namely the effect of sex (or gender), which is approached from a developmental perspective, childhood gender nonconformity, and personality. Finally, intraindividual fluctuations in olfactory performance are also mentioned in brief. Next, the focus shifts to odour awareness by first introducing the various approaches that can be adopted to get closer to the real-life context as opposed to laboratory setting (where most olfactory studies continue to be...
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Possible ratings for photographs
Kubát, Petr ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
This thesis addresses the question of the perception of photographs. It is based on the work of R. Greene and A. Oliva (2008) and further expands it. These authors investigated which global properties people identify on photographs of natural scenes and how consistent their evaluation of these properties is. In this paper I used general photographs without any thematic limitations. In the first part of the research I examined what global properties people determine during a quick viewing of a general photograph. The obtained general properties (movement limitation and fun) were added to the properties found in R. Greene's and A. Oliva's work. In the second part of the research I used a computer program for hierarchical grouping to determine how consistent the rating of these global properties is when different people rate the photographs. The resulting consistency is expressed as the average of all interobserver correlations for a given property. The experiment revealed that the transience property has the highest consistency rate (r=0,516), followed by movement in the scene (r=0,457) and openness (r=0,450). Fun (r=0,283) and navigability (r=0,245) exhibit the lowest rate of consistency. Lower concordance observed with general photographs is in my opinion caused by the higher complexity of the...
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Modelling eye movements during Multiple Object Tracking
Děchtěrenko, Filip ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Toth, Peter Gabriel (referee)
In everyday situations people have to track several objects at once (e.g. driving or collective sports). Multiple object tracking paradigm (MOT) plausibly simulate tracking several targets in laboratory conditions. When we track targets in tasks with many other objects in scene, it becomes difficult to discriminate objects in periphery (crowding). Although tracking could be done only using attention, it is interesting question how humans plan their eye movements during tracking. In our study, we conducted a MOT experiment in which we presented participants repeatedly several trials with varied number of distractors, we recorded eye movements and we measured consistency of eye movements using Normalized scanpath saliency (NSS) metric. We created several analytical strategies employing crowding avoidance and compared them with eye data. Beside analytical models, we trained neural networks to predict eye movements in MOT trial. The performance of the proposed models and neuron networks was evaluated in a new MOT experiment. The analytical models explained variability of eye movements well (results comparable to intraindividual noise in the data); predictions based on neural networks were less successful.
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