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Dynamics of carbon and phosphorus flows in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Konvalinková, Tereza ; Jansa, Jan (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Dynamics of carbon and phosphorus flows in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis Mgr. Tereza Konvalinková (doctoral thesis) Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread and highly specialized root symbionts, which gain all of their carbon (C) from the hosts, supplying plants with mineral nutrients (particularly with phosphorus, P) in return. This thesis focuses on the size and flexibility of C and P flows in arbuscular mycorrhiza in relation to environmental conditions, in particular to light and P availability. The indications that the symbiotic flows are regulated actively by both partners are discussed. The main findings are presented as a compilation of separate scientific works (two research articles, one review and one book section). A glasshouse experiment has shown that both mycorrhizal benefits and mycorrhizal colonization of medic (Medicago truncatula) by an AMF species (R. irregularis) decline along the gradient of decreasing light intensity. Interestingly, morphological adaptation of medic to the long-term light deprivation was boosted by mycorrhiza, probably because of C demand of AMF and due to the improved nutrition of the mycorrhizal plants. On the other hand, sudden 6-day shading caused rapid decline of shoot P content of mycorrhizal plants, accompanied with the accumulation of P...
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Ericaceae root mycobionts: diversity, distribution and interactions with neighboring plants
Kolátková, Viktorie ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
The roots of ericaceous plants provide an environment to many fungal endophytes and mycorrhizal fungi.We can observe at least four mycorrhizal types in the family, of which the ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) is spread the most. The Ericaceae are able to survive in many different and often harsh habitats all over the world thanks to this symbiosis (from the tropical cloud forests, to the arctic tundra heathlands). The group of fungi, forming this relationship, used to be seen as a few very well circumscribed ascomycetes, namely Rhizoscyphus ericae (Read) Zhang & Zhuang and Oidiodendron maius Barron species. With the development of molecular methods, it was expanded of many other species, some of which belonging to Basidiomycota, particularly the order Sebacinales. The diversity of ErM fungal community varies at different geographic locations and it can be influenced by factors such as altitude or the surrounding ecosystem. However, due to lack of further information, we still know quite little about the species distribution. Although they are primarily symbionts of the Ericaceae, some ErM fungi can colonize wider spectrum of plant hosts. Their effect on these hosts is not yet fully understood. Most importantly, they increase the vitality of ericaceous plants and favor them in competition with adjacent...
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Significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in invasiveness of Pinus strobus
Antl, Tomáš ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
6 Abstract This study aimed to compare the mycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting the roots of invasive Pinus strobus L. and native Pinus sylvestris L. We also compared carbon allocation into ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMf) and other structures of the two pine species. The aim was to assess the influence of mycorrhiza on the invasive potential of P. strobus in the protected areas of National Park Bohemian Switzerland. The two field experiments were conducted on three locations of each species. We estimated the EcM extramatrical mycelium (EMM) production by measuring the ergosterol content in sterile sand filled mesh-bags. Next measured variables were: biomass of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic sporocarps, fine roots biomass and leaf litter biomass to compare the one season production of each measured variables. The results revealed a major difference in EcM sporocarps production, whereas on the P. sylvestris sites was the production 100% higher. Same results came from the fine roots measurements: P. sylvestris had a higher fine roots production, which may be also related with the production of EMM, which was about 60% higher as well. The EcMf species richness on the P. strobus root-tips was as high as the native pine, but the species composition was different. The P. strobus prefers EcMf species with...
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Dynamics of carbon and phosphorus flows in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Konvalinková, Tereza ; Jansa, Jan (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Dynamics of carbon and phosphorus flows in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis Mgr. Tereza Konvalinková (doctoral thesis) Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread and highly specialized root symbionts, which gain all of their carbon (C) from the hosts, supplying plants with mineral nutrients (particularly with phosphorus, P) in return. This thesis focuses on the size and flexibility of C and P flows in arbuscular mycorrhiza in relation to environmental conditions, in particular to light and P availability. The indications that the symbiotic flows are regulated actively by both partners are discussed. The main findings are presented as a compilation of separate scientific works (two research articles, one review and one book section). A glasshouse experiment has shown that both mycorrhizal benefits and mycorrhizal colonization of medic (Medicago truncatula) by an AMF species (R. irregularis) decline along the gradient of decreasing light intensity. Interestingly, morphological adaptation of medic to the long-term light deprivation was boosted by mycorrhiza, probably because of C demand of AMF and due to the improved nutrition of the mycorrhizal plants. On the other hand, sudden 6-day shading caused rapid decline of shoot P content of mycorrhizal plants, accompanied with the accumulation of P...
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Ericaceae root mycobionts: diversity, distribution and interactions with neighboring plants
Kolátková, Viktorie ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
The roots of ericaceous plants provide an environment to many fungal endophytes and mycorrhizal fungi.We can observe at least four mycorrhizal types in the family, of which the ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) is spread the most. The Ericaceae are able to survive in many different and often harsh habitats all over the world thanks to this symbiosis (from the tropical cloud forests, to the arctic tundra heathlands). The group of fungi, forming this relationship, used to be seen as a few very well circumscribed ascomycetes, namely Rhizoscyphus ericae (Read) Zhang & Zhuang and Oidiodendron maius Barron species. With the development of molecular methods, it was expanded of many other species, some of which belonging to Basidiomycota, particularly the order Sebacinales. The diversity of ErM fungal community varies at different geographic locations and it can be influenced by factors such as altitude or the surrounding ecosystem. However, due to lack of further information, we still know quite little about the species distribution. Although they are primarily symbionts of the Ericaceae, some ErM fungi can colonize wider spectrum of plant hosts. Their effect on these hosts is not yet fully understood. Most importantly, they increase the vitality of ericaceous plants and favor them in competition with adjacent...
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Significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in invasiveness of Pinus strobus
Antl, Tomáš ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
6 Abstract This study aimed to compare the mycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting the roots of invasive Pinus strobus L. and native Pinus sylvestris L. We also compared carbon allocation into ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMf) and other structures of the two pine species. The aim was to assess the influence of mycorrhiza on the invasive potential of P. strobus in the protected areas of National Park Bohemian Switzerland. The two field experiments were conducted on three locations of each species. We estimated the EcM extramatrical mycelium (EMM) production by measuring the ergosterol content in sterile sand filled mesh-bags. Next measured variables were: biomass of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic sporocarps, fine roots biomass and leaf litter biomass to compare the one season production of each measured variables. The results revealed a major difference in EcM sporocarps production, whereas on the P. sylvestris sites was the production 100% higher. Same results came from the fine roots measurements: P. sylvestris had a higher fine roots production, which may be also related with the production of EMM, which was about 60% higher as well. The EcMf species richness on the P. strobus root-tips was as high as the native pine, but the species composition was different. The P. strobus prefers EcMf species with...
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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant performance under the specific edaphic conditions of serpentine soils
Doubková, Pavla ; Sudová, Radka (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
P. Doubková: The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant performance under the specific edaphic conditions of serpentine soils Summary Serpentine soils represent a unique environment characterized by unfavourable physicochemical properties involving low calcium to magnesium ratio, increased concentrations of heavy metals, often also deficiencies of essential macronutrients, and low water-holding capacity. Under these adverse conditions, a considerable potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to promote plant growth was hypothesized due to the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for plant nutrition and alleviation of various types of abiotic stress. On a model host plant species, Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae), we examined: i) occurrence of AM symbiosis and species richness and composition of the native AMF communities; ii) role of AM symbiosis in plant growth, element uptake and drought stress tolerance; iii) edaphic differentiation in plant populations or in AMF symbionts under serpentine vs non-serpentine conditions. Generally, K. arvensis plants showed lower frequency of mycorrhizal root colonization at serpentine compared to the non-serpentine sites. Adjacent serpentine and non-serpentine populations also differed in AMF species assemblages colonizing their roots. Both,...
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The effect of mycorrhizal nad saprotrophic fungi on yield properties and nitrogen uptake of tomato and leek plants
Kudláčková, Marta ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
Currently looking for alternative approaches to crop production which would be in accord with sustainable development. The present thesis was aimed on testing of organic cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and leek (Allium porrum L.) by using amendment with organic maize biomass (Zea mays L.), mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi. The effects of different combinations of microbial inoculations on nitrogen uptake, plant growth and yield were investigated in greenhouse conditions. Supplied 15 N-labelled organic matter was separated from the root system by a nylon mesh which permitted only fungal hyphae to pass through but not plant roots. In the first year experiments the treatments differed in the presence or absence of three factors: organic matter, saprotrophic fungus Agrocybe sp. and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicolaj & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. Plant inoculation with Agrocybe sp. alone or together with G. mosseae increased plant growth of tomato in the presence of organic matter. Tomato yield were not increased significantly. Shoot dry weight of leek increased when plants were treated with mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae and organic matter. Microbial inoculation did not influence nitrogen (15 N) uptake from the organic source. In following experiments, all treatments contained...
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