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GPC of soil humic and fulvic acids from Trojmezí area
Šestauberová, Martina ; Novák, František
Humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) were isolated from individual soil horizons from podzol of spruce forest in Trojmezí stand (Bohemian Forest, 48°46´25¨ N, 13°51´04¨ E). Their molecular weight M.sub.r./sub. and weight-average molecular weight M.sub.w./sub. were determined by the gel permeation chromatography(GPC). For the high-molecular HA fraction (HM-HA), it was found the range of M.sub.r./sub. 380 – 569 kDa, for the main fraction of HA and for FA 6.7 – 31.4 kDa and 1.8 – 3.3 kDa, respectively. The M.sub.r./sub. of humic substances and the proportion of HM–HA decreased with soil depth. HA isolated from horizon B.sub.h./sub. didn´t contain any high-molecular fraction and its molecular weight approached the values specified for FA.
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Příjem potravy a metabolická aktivita .i.Galumna elimata./i. (C.L. Koch, 1841) (Acari: Oribatida) při různých teplotách
Šustr, Vladimír ; Hubert, J. ; Pekár, S.
The ability of the physiological compensation of respiration rate and feeding activity for temperature was tested in oribatid mite .i.Galumna elimata./i. to evaluate significance of the increase of amylolytic activity in the whole body homogenates of mite exposed to cold acclimation. Mites were reared on green bark algae (.i.Protococcus viridis./i.) at different constant temperatures (5-30°C) for 21 days. The temperature relationships of respiration rate, presence of animals on food and defecation were compared before acclimation (quick response to temperature change) and after acclimation to constant temperature (effects of adaptation). The relationship of oxygen consumption on temperature was similar in control and acclimated mites. Presence of animals on food increased exponentially with temperature before acclimation. It was higher at 15°C after acclimation at constant temperature.
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Potravní zdroje bezobratlých v Ardovské jeskyni a v jeskyni Domica - předběžné výsledky
Nováková, Alena ; Elhottová, Dana ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Lukešová, Alena ; Hill, P. ; Kováč, L. ; Mock, A. ; Luptáčik, P.
The chemistry (organic matter content and pH) of different substrates from the Ardovská and Domica Caves in the Slovak Karst National Park (Slovakia) and the composition of their microbial communities were studied. Differences in organic matter content and microbial communities were found between the substrates from the Domica and Ardovská Caves. A broad spectrum of photoautotrophic microorganisms (algae and cyanobacteria) was found in different cave microhabitats (cave sediment, rotten wood, earthworms casts and isopods faeces), but no algae were detected in the fresh bat droppings and in the intestinal tract of the isopod .i.M. graniger./i.. Microfungi and bacterial colonies play the primary role in transforming bat guano into a food source for saprophagous and microphytophagous invertebrates.
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Zajímavé a vzácné saprotrofní mikroskopické houby z exkrementů a ostatních substrátů jeskyně Domica a Ardovské jeskyně (NP Slovenský kras, Slovensko)
Nováková, Alena
A broad spectrum of saprotrophic microfungi representing possible food sources for cave invertebrates was isolated from different substrata (invertebrates, bat and marten excrements, bat guano, cave sediment, air) from the Domica and Ardovská Caves. .i.Pidoplitchkoviella terricola./i. and .i.Thielavia hyrcaniae./i. are rather rarely isolated micromycetes. The species interesting from the point of view of the colony appearance or microscopic properties were .i.Penicillium glandicola, Beauveria brongniartii, Chaetomium indicum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium hordei, Rhinocladiella./i. sp., .i.Aspergillus versicolor, Echinobotryum./i. state of .i.Doratomyces stemonitis./i., and .i.Oidiodendron cerealis./i..
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Změny ve společenstvech půdní mikroflóry a mesofauny během rozkladu listového opadu ve dvou vegetačních zónách - litter bag experiment
Jirout, Jiří ; Petrásek, Jiří ; Čápová, Lenka ; Farská, Jitka ; Jínová, Kristýna ; Rusek, Josef ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Elhottová, Dana ; Starý, Josef ; Nováková, Alena
The hypothesis, whether autochthonous species of soil biota are able to decompose litter from lower vegetation zones in higher zones, was tested by field trial. Litterbags with litter of beech (.i.Fagus sylvatica./i. L.) and/or oak (.i.Quercus robur./i. L.) were exposed in beech and spruce forest on the mountain Kleť (Protected Landscape Area Blanský les). Litterbags layout simulated vegetation zones shift to the higher altitude induced by global warming. There were used litterbags with three different mesh size (42 µm, 0,5 mm, 2 mm) for exclusion of certain parts of edaphon. Several changes of soil bacteria and micromycetes, oribatid mites, springtails and gamasid mites were studied during two years of exposition. There were exposed 480 litterbags at the start of the experiment (November 2002). After 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 months of exposition parts of all litterbags were recovered. Immediately after the sampling litter pH(KCl), moisture and mass loss were measured.
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Příspěvky k půdní zoologii ve střední Evropě I. Příspěvky ze 7. středoevropského půdně zoologického workshopu
Proceedings book involves contributions presented at the 7th Central European Workshop on Soil Zoology held in České Budějovice on April 14-16, 2003. Individual papers summarise actual results from partial disciplines of soil zoology and ecology, taxonomy and faunistic of individual groups of soil invertebrates. Several studies summarise information about the composition and changes of soil animal communities, both in natural and non disturbed grassland and forest soils in Central Europe as well as in soils differently influenced by human activities. A part of the papers deal with the distribution and ecology of cave invertebrates.
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Hlístice (Nematoda) v jílech hald uhelných dolů a v pokusně introdukovaných pásech luční půdy
Háněl, Ladislav
Soil nematodes were studied in coal-mining clay spoil denuded by a landslide of the upper part of a colliery dump three years ago. This control plot was compared with nematodes in introduced strips of fresh meadow soil heaped up on the spoil and in spoil strips between these soil strips. .i.Ecumenicus monohystera./i. (25% of all nematode individuals) and .i.Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus./i. (23%) dominated in the control spoil whereas in spoil between soil strips their population densities decreased. The greatest number of nematode species and genera was present in the soil strips. The number of species and genera increased in spoil strips adjacent to soil strips and proportions between trophic groups partially changed. Introduction of fresh meadow soil into colliery spoils may influence nematode assemblages in post-mining clays. Nevertheless, clay patches can harbour peculiar nematode assemblages that can contribute to the overall diversity of a post-mining landscape.
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Žížaly v ekotonu pole - les
Pižl, Václav ; Zeithaml, J.
The effects of a forest-field ecotone on the density, biomass and species composition of earthworm communities were assessed. Five sites (blocks) differing in type of crop rotation used in the field were studied near Kostelec nad Černými Lesy, Czech Republic. At each block, soil samples were taken in seven parallel rows perpendicular to a transect from the oak forest to the centre of the field. Individual rows were located: in the forest (5 m from the edge), on the foresf edge, and in the field in distances of 5,10, 25, 50, 100 m from the edge of the forest. Six samples were taken in each row in spring 2001. Digging and hand sorting of soil samples, followed by formalin application was used to extract earthworms. Nine species and subspecies of earthworms were identified, among which .i.Aporrectodea caliginosa./i. predominated. Per block, the species number varied from 5 to 7.
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Stonožky smrkových lesů Moravskoslezských Beskyd, Česká republika
Wytwer, J. ; Tajovský, Karel
Centipede communities (Chilopoda) were studied in five spruce forests (.i.Picea abies./i.) in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts., Northern Moravia, Czech Republic. Investigations were carried out from 1988 to 1993 and afterwards repeatedly in the years 1996-1997 in 5 to 134 year-old forest stands situated at the localities Bílý Kříž and Kněhyně. The stands differed in altitude, in air pollution and degree of tree defoliation. A total of 15 species of centipedes was found in all stands studied. The most abundant species occurring in all studied stands were .i.Lithobius mutabilis, L. forficatus, L. burzenlandicus burzenlandicus, Geophilus insculptus./i.. The centipedes .i.L. burzenlandicus burzenlandicus, G. insculptus./i. predominated mainly in the soil samples, .i.L. forficatus./i. was abundant in pitfall traps only. The mean densities of the whole centipede communities ranged from 9.0 to 194.6 ind.m-2 in 1988-1993, the highest densities were characteristic for the youngest spruce stand.
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Vývoj půdní fauny na loukách obnovených na orné půdě: Iniciální fáze sukcesního vývoje
Tajovský, Karel ; Pižl, Václav ; Starý, Josef ; Balík, Vladimír ; Frouz, Jan ; Schlaghamerský, J. ; Háněl, Ladislav ; Rusek, Josef ; Kalčík, Jiří
The development of soil fauna assemblages (testate amoebae, nematodes, enchytraeids, earthworms, terrestrial isopods, millipedes, centipedes, collembolans, dipteran larvae) has been investigated in a -field experiment since autumn 1999. Four types of treatment were studied in plots previously managed as arable land: 1) sowing with a native seed mixture, 2) sowing of a 5 m wide central strip with native and the lateral strips with commercial seed mixture, 3) sowing of a 5 m wide central strip with native seed mixture, leaving the lateral strips to spontaneous succession, and 4) leaving to spontaneous succession (abandoned field). The observed increase of qualitative and quantitative parameters of the individual soil animal groups corresponded to the initial phase of successional development. Eurytopic and euryvalent representatives as well as epigeic species of soil micro-, meso- and macrofauna prevailed in the studied treatments during the first years of observation.
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