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Evolution of photoreceptors: insights from amphioxus
Vopálenský, Pavel ; Kozmik, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Černý, Robert (referee) ; Markoš, Anton (referee)
The topic of eye evolutionwas touchedas early as at the very beginningof the evolutionarytheoryitself.In his book'On theOrign of Species'CharlesDarwinexpresses concemsfor theexplanationof theocclurenceof complexeyesby naturalselection.Eventhe simplest'proto-eye'composedof a singlephotoreceptorcellanda shadingpigmentrequires properfrrnctioningof dozensof genesinvolvedin the phototansductioncascade,signal transmissionand pigmentation.Photoreceptorcells can be classifiedaccordingto their morphology as ciliary or rhabdomeric.Primary observationsrevealedthe rhabdomeric photoreceptorsbeing predominantlypresentin the eyes of invertebrates,whereasthe vertebrateandcnidarianseyesemploytheciliary type.Key componentsof thephotoreceptor cells arevisualpigments(opsins)andassociatedGa subunitsresponsiblefor absorptionof photonandthefirst stepof aphotoffansductioncascade.To properlyorchesftatetheassembly of thesestructuralgenesmediatingbiochemicalprocessesinto a functionalorgan,a tight regulationby a dedicatedsetof tanscriptionfactorsis required.Oneof themostremarkable andbeststudiedexamplesof geneswith anevolutionaryconservedrole in eyeorganogenesis is a paired-homeoboxgenePax6.However,availableliteraturepointsto othertranscription factors participatingin photoreceptordevelopmentacrossanimal phyla, for examplea...
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Oral morphogenesis in the Mexican axolotl: developmental origin of tooth germs in evolutionary contexts
Soukup, Vladimír ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Slípka, Jaroslav (referee)
Mouth in the majority of vertebrates develops throughout an ectodermal stomodeum which posteriorly contacts the foregut endoderm, together forming an oropharyngeal membrane. This ecto-/ endodermal membrane gradually thins and become eventually perforated, which causes opening of the stomodeal cavity into the pharynx. Teeth are then understood as organs arising within the stomodeal part of the mouth, where the ectodermal epithelium produces tooth enamel and neural crest mesenchymal cells form dentine and tooth pulp. This project was meant to study the dynamics of the ectoderm and endoderm during the formation of mouth and teeth in the Mexican axolotl. By utilizing transplantations of the oral ectoderm from GFP-transgenic embryos and injections of fluorescent tracer DiI into the endoderm, it was possible to follow the fate of both germ-layers during the course of embryonic development into details. By using this approach it was demonstrated that the mouth in the axolotl develops in a different way, i.e. via the stomodeal collar. Teeth were found to arise within the stomodeal collar ectoderm as well as in the more posteriorly situated endodermal areas. Moreover, some tooth germs were generated also directly at the ecto-/ endodermal boundary. Thus, the formation of teeth does not seem to primarily...
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Jacobians and Hessians in the Calculus of Variations
Pospíšil, Václav ; Černý, Robert (referee) ; Malý, Jan (advisor)
V této práci je studován distributivní jakobián, distributivní hesián a relaxace Jakobiánu a Hessiánu. Jsou zde uvedeny příklady zobrazení, pro něž "absolutně spojitá část" distributivního Jakobiánu nebo Hessiánu nesplývá s bodovým jakobiánem nebo Hessiánem. Dále je uvedena věta, umožňující určit singulární část jakobiánu pro některá zobrazení. V další části je zobecněna věta, umožňující určit za určitých podmínek relaxaci Jakobiánu, a věta, umožňující horní odhad relaxace Hessiánu pro některé funkce.
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Analysis of nominal and real convergence of the Visegrad Group states
Černý, Robert ; Ševčíková, Michaela (advisor) ; Štípek, Vladimír (referee)
The aim of the submitted thesis is macroeconomic analysis, comparison and evaluation of nominal and real convergence of the Visegrad Group states with EU-15 states. By the help of regression model, one can state that in years 2004--2008 countries of V4 reached Beta - convergence with EU-15. However, this did not hold for the critical period in 2008--2012 when mainly Hungary lagged behind. There was proved a positive relationship between real and nominal convergence wherewith Balassa-Samuelson Effect for EU states was confirmed. The Czech Republic has always shown a lower nominal value than it would correspond to its GDP per capita, still it approximated to regression line over time. Other V4 states registered inverse course. During period 2004--2012, the Czech Republic performed Maastricht conver-gence criteria best from V4 states. Contrariwise, Hungary had the worst position of the ob-served period.
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Economic impacts of displacement of Sudeten Germans in the Karlovy Vary region
Černý, Robert ; Szobi, Pavel (advisor) ; Kozmanová, Irena (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the impact of forced displacement of German population on economic development of the Karlovy Vary region after the Second World War. Preliminary, the author weights up the role of Sudeten-Germans in the region in 1918--1945. Afterwards, he focuses on transfer of German-speaking inhabitants from the region after resumption of the Czech Republic. This thesis analyses immediate consequences of changes in the structure of population. It makes use of examples such as disappeared borderline communes, closedown of Sudeten-German companies or their nationalisations. Onward, this writing follows the inefficient level of workers in economically important professions as well as changes in social structuring of society and its standard of living. This thesis draws particularly from archival documents such as State provincial archives Karlovy Vary and Sokolov resident in Jindřichovice as well as unpublished sources of private provenience (recollections, memoirs) and chronicles of described communes in the Karlovy Vary region.
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