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Srdeční a pohybová aktivita raků jako nástroj ke studiu vlivu farmaceuticky aktivních látek
LOŽEK, Filip
Aquatic ecosystems face to anthropogenic pollution worldwide. One of the currently investigated pollutants entering the aquatic environment due to the insufficient efficiency of wastewater treatment plants are pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), such as psychoactive pharmaceuticals or illegal drugs. Although the target organism is human, PhACs target evolutionarily old receptors, so their presence in the environment affects organisms across the animal kingdom. The first part of the dissertation summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of psychoactive substances on the biological parameters of aquatic invertebrates including mollusc and arthropods. Some animals, such as crayfish, are sensitive indicators of the quality of the water to which they respond by ethophysiological changes. Consecutive parts of thesis are composite from scientific publications starting with subscription of novel robust method of non-invasive measuring of crayfish cardiac activity. The method was validated in second publication where the natural (scent of food, predator, conspecific and injured conspecific) and chemical (water disinfectant chloramineT) stimuli were distinguished by crayfish in order to be able to study changes in responses to stress when exposed to environmentally relevant concentration of PhACs i.e. analgesic tramadol what is covered in the third paper. Fourth and final publication describes the alterations in the heart rate and behaviour while stress response of crayfish during long term exposure to 1 ?g.l-1 of illicit drug methamphetamine. The discussion critically compares the advantages and disadvantages of individual approaches used in the detection of changes in biological parameters of organisms exposed to psychoactive substances and suggested future ways of progress in study area. From the results obtained we concluded that the crayfish organism with its biological functions is sensitive to detect selected psychoactive compounds in the relatively low concentrations that were found in the aquatic environment. In addition, ethophysiological alterations highlight possible impacts of these compounds on the ecology of aquatic invertebrates. The recorded effects on crayfish cardiac physiology could present a new area of research in relation not only to residual PhACs, but to a wide range of contaminants with possible impacts on the aquatic environment.
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Sledování farmaceutik a produktů osobní péče od zdrojů až po recipienty
BOŘÍK, Adam
This dissertation thesis provides comprehensive treatise about development and evaluation of analytical method for application in environmental research of pharmaceutical and personal care products in recipients and another relevant sample matrix. Special attention is paid to application of advanced ionization technique LDTD-APCI for direct sample introduction into mass spectrometer. Also, results obtained with LDTD-APCI coupled with different mass spectrometers were mutually compared and direct simple introduction was compared with conventional LC methods as well. Presented results reflect applicability of LDTD-APCI for environmental research and potential benefits are listed and discussed along with the methods limitations.
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Habitat shifts to aquatic environment and back to dry land in the evolution of Coleoptera
Sýkora, Vít ; Fikáček, Martin (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
The order Coleoptera (beetles) includes both terrestrial and aquatic species. The whole order as well as for all suborders (Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga and Polyphaga) in ancetrally terrestrial. Habitat shifts occured in all suborders except Archostemata. A single shift to aquatic environment is probable in Myxophaga and Adephaga, multiple independent shifts from aquatic to terrestrial environments took place in Polyphaga. Multiple secondary habitat transitions back to terrestrial life style occured in Adephaga, Myxophaga and Polyphaga. However, phylogenetic relationships and/or detailed habitat requirements of adults and larvae are still unknown for many groups. That is why a reliable reconstruction of the evolution of habitat transitions between aquatic and terrestrial environment is still impossible in many cases. Key words: Coleoptera, habitat shifts, aquatic environment, terrestrial environment, evolution, phylogeny, biodiversity, morphology, adaptation
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Host-parazite coevolution in aquatic environments
Hubová, Jana ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Antagonistic coevolution is a major driving force in the evolution of host and parasite. Parasites create on their host a time delay, negative frequency-dependent selection, which leads to oscillations in both genotypes of antagonists, as suggested by the Red Queen hypothesis derived for coevolution of host and parasite. The most commonly used systems for the study of host-parasite coevolution in an aquatic environment are (thanks to their features): diatom Asterionella and chytrid Zygorhizidium, aquatic snail Potamopyrgus and trematods Microphallus, water fleas Daphnia and their microparasites. Coevolution between host and parasite causes a number of phenomena, such as maintenance of genetic polymorphism, temporal oscillations of genotype frequencies, the persistence of sexual reproduction, parasite local and host adaptations. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge on the coevolution of the above-mentioned three host-parasite systems in the aquatic environment. Key words: Red Queen hypothesis, host-parasite coevolution, negative frequency-dependent selection, aquatic environments, Asterionella formosa, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Daphnia.
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Influence of exercise in aqueous media on obese children
Holinka, Leoš ; Přibyl, Ivan (advisor) ; Hájková, Jana (referee)
The goal of my thesis was to design and realise an active programme for obese children in water surroundings, who underwent five week lasting medical programme in Státní léčebné lázně Bludov. The tested group consisted of 7 children, who took part in an hour long exercise in water surroundings twice a week deliberately. Having used questionnaire methods we discovered the difference between the attitude of obese children to exercise in water and to activities in the gymnasium. Further, we dealt with the influence of activity in water surroundings comparing the input and output values of fat by tested and control group.
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Swimming for the physically handicapped - characteristic of the present state in Czech Republic and Great Britain
Kantorová, Lucie ; Břečková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Kovařovic, Karel (referee)
Goals: The main aim is to map and characterize current situation of The swimming for the physically disabled in Czech Republic and Great Britain. To provide information about the identity or difference of working with swimmers with physical disabilities in both countries, in terms of content, organizational, safety and personnel. To draw conclusions and to propose possible changes and recommendations for optimization and improvement of the state while swimming with people with disabilities in Czech Republic based on these information. Methods: The method of quality, analysis and subsequent synthesis, comparative method, visiting activities and observations have been used. Information was drawn from Czech and foreign literature, as well as from Czech and foreign web sites. Some facilities were visited personally, the others were contacted throughout the internet. Results: This work focuses on content of the methods used for swimming of the persons with disabilities in both countries and compares them, further evaluate and compare the swimming centers in both countries according to set criteria. The criteria that should be meet by the coach who works with physically disabled swimmers can be learned in this diploma, and are also valid for both countries. The work introduces the various organizations,...
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Ecophysiological significance of root-fungus symbioses in Mediterranean seagrasses
Borovec, Ondřej ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Seagrasses are the only group of submerged plants that are permanently growing in marine environment. They play an important role in the sea bottom ecosystem. Seagrasses are primary producers capable of accumulation and deposition of carbon. They influence water flow at the sea bottom and form symbioses with variety of organisms. Our knowledge of symbiotic interactions of seagrasses is still limited even though several studies of the topic have been carried out in recent years. Unlike most of terrestrial plants, seagrasses are generally considered as plants that do not form any specific associations with mycorrhizal or endophytic fungi. Surprisingly, we have discovered a novel fungal endophytic association in roots of Mediterranean endemic seagrass species Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Morphology of this symbiotic fungi strongly resembles common symbiotic fungi of terrestrial plants, dark septate endophytes (DSE). We sampled roots of P. oceanica in large area of the Mediterranean from southeastern Spain to Albania and described range and taxonomical classification of the endophyte using microscopy, in vitro cultivation and molecular determination. Roots of P. oceanica in whole area of study are colonized by mere two endophytic fungal species. Over 90 % of the fungal symbionts belong to a single...
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Effect of water temperature on the electrical activity of muscle
Novotná, Petra ; Pánek, David (advisor) ; Jalovcová, Miroslava (referee)
Title: Effect of water temperature on the electrical activity of muscle Objective: Main objective of this work is to determine the spatiotemporal changes in muscle activation depending on different properties of the environment. All this at a defined muscle power output. Measured by hand dynamometer. Methods: This is a case study. Is processed and analyzed the relationship of the forearm muscles against the aquatic environment (different temperatures - 15 řC, 24 řC and 35 řC) and against dry. Muscular power output is defined and measured by hand dynamometer. Muscular power output was determined as isometric contraction flexors of wrist and fingers of dominant hand. It all in three different modes. The research group were included 5 healthy individuals (3 women, 2 men). As objectivization method was determined surface electromyography. Findings: There is no influence of water temperature (15 řC, 24 řC and 35 řC) on spatiotemporal activation of muscle. It all at a defined muscle power output. There is also no changes on spatiotemporal activation of muscle in aquatic and dry. Keywords: muscle contraction, temperature, water environment, surface electromyography, Water Surface EMG
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Evaluation of EMG Activity of the Shoulder Girdle Muscles during Exercises with Thera-Band in Aquatic Environment and on Land
Holländerová, Dita ; Pavlů, Dagmar (advisor) ; Pánek, David (referee)
Title: Evaluation of EMG Activity of the Shoulder Girdle Muscles during Exercises with Thera-Band in Aquatic Environment and on Land. Objective: The main goal of this thesis is to determine a degree of muscle activity of upper trapezius muscle and other selected muscles in the aquatic environment and on land and to compare the values. Furthermore, to determine whether the upper trapezius muscle activates in the aquatic environment later than on land, compared to other selected muscles. Methods: This is the case of study, where the degree of muscle activity and the onset of activation of the upper trapezius muscle and other selected muscle is analyzed and then evaluated during shoulder abduction in two different environments using elastic resistance strength (yellow Thera-Band). As an objectification method surface electromyography had been chosen. To ensure the same set of initial conditions the abduction was performed in sitting position. The same chair was used in water and on land. Four female participants part in the experiment. Findings: The degree of muscle activity of upper trapezius muscle in the aquatic environment significantly decreased. It wasn't confirmed, that the upper trapezius muscle has been activated later in water than on land. Timing of selected muscles in aquatic environment...
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