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The concept of 'cancer transition' in selected European countries
Naxera, Martin ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kulhánová, Ivana (referee)
The concept of 'cancer transition' in selected European countries Abstract This paper examines the concept(s) of 'cancer transition' which consists of interpretation of the cancer epidemiology development dynamics. The conceptualizations by various important authors are compared. Comparation is also made between them and the concepts of epidemiologic and health transition. The concepts of 'cancer transition' are then given the context of selected characteristics of the cancer epidemiology. The concepts are additionally illustrated by visualization of the age-standardized mortality and incidence rates in selected European countries - Czechia, Ireland, Norway and Malta in the 1960-2017 period. Keywords: cancer transition, epidemiologic transition, cancer, mortality
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Factors affecting mortality in countries with the highest life expectancy at birth with focus on the influence of tobacco smoking
Liška, Jiří ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
Factors affecting mortality in countries with the highest life expectancy at birth with focus on the influence of tobacco smoking Abstract This bachelor thesis focuses on the factors influencing mortality levels, specifically analysing the influence of tobacco smoking in countries with highest life expectancies - Japan and Switzerland. Trends in smoking prevalence rates from the mid-20th century to the present are analysed. In both countries, the prevalence of smoking is higher in men than in women, but the gap is narrowing over time. Then, author constructs life tables using data from WHO Mortality Database and analyses mortality in Japan and Switzerland between 1995 and 2017, focusing on life expectancy at birth and at ages of 35 and 65 years. The actual development of these indicators is compared with two hypothetical developments, assuming the elimination of smoking attributable mortality and a constant level of smoking attributable mortality. The results indicate that high life expectancies in Japan and Switzerland are not caused by low numbers of smokers in these countries. Keywords: mortality, life expectancy, determinants of health, smoking, Japan, Switzerland
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Concept cancer transition in the context of selected theoretical approaches related to the process of morbidity and mortality in recent decades: Case study for Czechia
Knížová, Karolína ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kulhánová, Ivana (referee)
Concept cancer transition in the context of selected theoretical approaches related to the process of morbidity and mortality in recent decades: Case study for Czechia Abstract The aim of the diploma thesis is to introduce the cancer transition concept and to contextualize it in relation to other theoretical concepts that concentrate on change in the structure of mortality by causes of death. Furthermore, in the context of cancer transition, the current state of mortality of neoplasms is illustrated reflecting its connection to infection in the population of Czechia, and its development is covered over the 1994-2018 period. The concept of cancer transition is based on the idea that as the society develops, the proportion of deaths by infection-related neoplasms decreases and the proportion of deaths caused by non-infection-related neoplasms increases. The concept thus essentially follows Omran's theory of the epidemiological transition. However, the concept of cancer transition has, so far, been theoretically used only to a relatively limited extend in literature and has usually been described rather indirectly. In this work, it is presented as a separate theoretical concept dealing with the change in the structure of mortality in terms of causes of death and its connection to existing concepts related to...
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Selected aspects of the mortality development in the USA since the turn of the millennium
Vančurová, Mariana ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kalibová, Květa (referee)
Selected aspects of the mortality development in the USA since the turn of the millennium Abstract The main goal of the thesis was to analyze the development of mortality from selected causes in the USA between the years 1999 and 2019. The selected causes are long-term leading causes of death in the USA. These include cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, external causes and cerebrovascular diseases. The current disease covid-19 was included in the selected causes of death, as according to preliminary data, it was the third leading cause of death in the USA in the year 2020. The first part presents the mortality rates in the USA from different perspectives to create the context of the current development of mortality trends and also characterizes the individual causes of death, which are then addressed in the analytical part of the thesis. Furthermore, the healthcare system of the USA is described, as it is one of the factors influencing the mortality rate and also because it differs significantly from the systems known in Europe. The second part presents the development of mortality from selected causes of death, according to sex and individual US states. Methods used in the analytical part of the thesis were the gross mortality rate, direct and indirect...
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The study of new risk factors of the cardiovascular diseases
Eremiášová, Lenka ; Danzig, Vilém (advisor) ; Vrablík, Michal (referee) ; Rosolová, Hana (referee)
Bilirubin is a major product of the heme catabolism in the vascular bed with substantial antioxidant properties. These importantly contribute to pathogenesis of diseases associated with increased oxidative stress, including cardiovascular or cancer diseases. In the first part of this PhD project serum bilirubin concentrations were examined in the 1 % representative sample of the general Czech population, together with determination of the prevalence of Gilbert's syndrome. Bilirubin concentrations were determined also within individual polymorphisms of the UGT1A1 gene (OMIM*191740) responsible for bilirubin biotransformation in the liver, including their association with the basic risk factors for atherosclerosis. We also assessed the activity of the standard liver enzymes (representing another significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases) with surprisingly high proportion of subjects with elevated values. Simultaneously, we determined the concentrations of serum bilirubin in a group of patients with an acute coronary syndrome, who manifested with significantly lower concentrations as compared to general population. In the second part of this research project, the relationship between plasma concentrations of bilirubin and individual variants of UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms...
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Suicide rate in the Czech society at the turn of the 20th century
Vlasák, Filip ; Velková, Alice (advisor) ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (referee)
Suicide rate in the Czech society at the turn of the 20th century Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with the development of suicide rate in Czech society in a very dynamic period - the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim was to analyze and describe selected structures of suicide and place them in a broader cultural-historical context. The analysis was based on data from Austrian statistics and the results show that in the observed period there was a 32% increase in the number of suicides per 100 thousand inhabitants. In conclusion, the main results of the work are formulated, which discuss whether the increase in suicide was recorded with the same intensity within men and women and whether it differs in individual countries of the Czech Crown. Keywords: suicide mortality, suicide, mortality, analysis of historical data, Austrian statistics, Czech society in the 19th and 20th centuries
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Development of total mortality and cause-specific mortality in V4 countries since the beginning of the millennium
Trejbal, Filip ; Altová, Anna (advisor) ; Kulhánová, Ivana (referee)
Development of total mortality and cause-specific mortality in V4 countries since the beginning of the millennium Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the development of total mortality and mortality by selected causes in V4 countries within the period 2000-2018. The thesis focuses especially on analysing the long-term, eventually incipient mortality trends and comparing individual countries, i. e. Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Life expectancy at birth and at the age of 65 is used to analyze the development of total mortality. The development of cause- specific mortality is assessed using standardized mortality rates and the contributions of age groups and groups of causes of death to changes in the life expectancy at birth. Improving mortality conditions within the V4 were observed and evidenced by the increase in life expectancy at birth and at age 65 in all countries over almost the entire period. This favourable development was primarily due to a decrease of mortality from circulatory diseases, especially in older age (65+). It was also found that in the new millennium, the trend of increasing mortality from some causes of death, such as mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system, appeared in the V4 countries. There has also been a diversification of the...
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Ecological and ethological aspects of bird-building collisions
Semeráková, Anna ; Sedláček, Ondřej (advisor) ; Koleček, Jaroslav (referee)
Collisions with artificial structures represent one of the most significant cause of bird mortality worldwide. Accounting for hundreds of millions bird deaths each year, bird-building collisions represent a particular problem. Although the bird's vision system is perfectly adapted to the orientation during fast flight, birds are often confused due to the transparency or reflectivity of the glass. Moreover, light pollution of urban areas interferes with the physiological geomagnetic and polarized light compass in birds, which causes the night migrants to disorient. The bird-building collision frequency variates in time and space. Throughout the day, largest number of fatal collisions occurs during early morning. Throughout the year, the peak in the numbers of fatal strikes appears in the course of autumn migration. Local species abundance did not appear to be the most important predictor of collision probability. Species traits making birds highly prone to collisions are small body size, high flight speed, long distance of migration and feeding strategy requiring rare and temporary food sources. Aggressive males during the mating period and inexperienced post-fledging juveniles are among the most vulnerable individuals. Based on taxon-specific ecological traits, some bird families were identified to...
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Sublethal effects of the insecticides neonicotinoids on migration abilities of spiders
Přibáňová, Gabriela ; Řezáč, Milan (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee)
The purpose for using pesticides is to kill organisms that cause damage (so-called pests) on various crops and thus prevent possible crop losses. Their side effect is a negative impact on non-target organisms. The presented diploma thesis is focused on the effect of neonicotinoids on invertebrates particularly on spiders. Its main goal was to document their influence on behavioral parameters influencing dispersal abilities such as locomotion and tendency to spread by wind (so-called ballooning). The diploma thesis compares the influence of neonicotinoids on model species, Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802) and Phylloneta impressa (L. Koch, 1881) with different modes of prey hunting and compares the influence on adult and nymphal stages. Pesticides Actara® 25 WG, Biscaya® 240 OD, Confidor® 200 OD and Mospilan® 20 SP were applied to the spiders under laboratory conditions and their effect was tested at different concentrations and different methods of application. The biggest impact on spiders had Confidor. It clearly had the most significant negative effect on mobility and a tendency to spider wind propagation. The lethal effects were caused by neonicotinoids in nymphal individuals Pardosa lugubris, especially Confidor (even 100% mortality for tarsal application). During an experiment studying the...
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