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Potential role of skin microbiota in the pathogenesis of dermatological diseases
Mihula, Martin ; Jirásková Zákostelská, Zuzana (advisor) ; Grobárová, Valéria (referee)
The surface of the human body is colonized by a large number of microorganisms whose composition depends not only on external and internal factors, but is also significantly influenced by the topography of human skin. The complex skin microbiota is an essential part of physiological and protective mechanisms of the skin. The change in the dynamics of microbial communities on the skin or in the gastrointestinal tract is currently considered to be part of triggering mechanisms of many skin diseases. Some of the skin inflammatory diseases are directly associated with a shift of skin microbiota composition - for instance atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris or psoriasis. Gaining and perceiving knowledge about interspecies interactions and their effect on a host could lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches which could make the prevention or treatment of some skin disorders more effective. Key words: skin, skin diseases, skin microbiota, immunity, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo
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The applicability of criminal law statues
Sýkora, Michal ; Jelínek, Jiří (advisor) ; Musil, Jan (referee) ; Fryšták, Marek (referee)
The applicability of criminal law statues (abstract) The submitted thesis is focused on the applicability of criminal law statutes and aims to summarize the current legislation regarding the applicability of criminal law statutes, assess its current state, draw attention to any legislative gaps and propose possible de lege ferenda changes. The usual focus of university textbooks might suggest the applicability of criminal legislation is a matter more or less brief, which does not require a special level of attention. However, the opposite is true. The applicability of criminal legislation is a rather broad and diverse topic, its legal framework can be found both in substantive and procedural law, as well as in regular law, constitutional law and law of international treaties. A detailed theoretical research and the solution of individual cases uncovers a number of subquestions, not only in criminal law, but also in a number of other areas of law. There are four basic aspects of applicability: temporal, territorial, personal and subject matter. Every single one of those has a rich history in theoretical, statutory and case law development. Despite such history, it remains an ongoing issue, both from the perspective of professional and general public alike. The matter is also a part of the regular occupation...
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Adaptive immune system in patients with primary immunodeficiencies
Klocperk, Adam ; Šedivá, Anna (advisor) ; Filipp, Dominik (referee) ; Litzman, Jiří (referee)
(ENG) This thesis summarizes the results of a project dedicated to adaptive immune system of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome caused by deletion of 22q11.2. The introduction sets the DiGeorge syndrome into a broader context of international pathophysio- clinical classification of primary immunodeficiencies and goes into detail describing its history, causes, clinical phenotype, therapeutic options and changes of the immune system. The attached manuscripts illustrate the premature aging of the T cell population, but also impaired development of B cells with low class-switched memory and high naïve subpopulations, along with high serum levels of BAFF, a B cell survival factor. The surprising lack of T independent marginal zone- like (MZ-like) B cells is reflected in decreased natural anti-α-Gal antibodies. The faulty B cell maturation and imperfect germinal center response is not caused by a deficit of follicular helper T cells, which are in fact increased in DiGeorge syndrome patients, and in most cases doesn't lead to hypogammaglobulinaemia. Despite the high incidence of autoimmune disease, in particular thyroiditis and thrombocytopenia, and a trend towards hypergammaglobulinaemia in adolescence and adulthood, we saw normal proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and normal expression of...
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Circadian clocks in cells of the immune system
Lavrova, Kseniia ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Hájková, Michaela (referee)
Circadian rhythms affect all physiological processes in the body, including immune function. Circadian oscillations are observed in almost all components of the immune system. This oscillation generates molecular clocks that are in each cell and are synchronized by the main CSN pacemaker with help hormone secretion and neuronal innervation. As a result, the immune system is ready for increased responses to pathogens during the active phase when is higher risk of bruising with it. Macrophages are cells of the natural immune system and main modulators of inflammation. Their activity, including cytokine production, phagocytosis and polarization to M1 and M2 phenotypes is closely linked to the molecular clock. This association between circadian and immune systems has implications for the course of a series of inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis and atherosclerosis. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of circadian system on macrophage function in inflammatory response. Keywords: circadian clocks, circadian genes, macrophage, melatonin, glucocorticoids
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Changes in disgust sensitivity associated with hormonal shifts in women - adaptive system or maladaptive response?
Dlouhá, Daniela ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Landová, Eva (referee)
Disgust (the feeling of aversion or repulsion) is based on experiencing something distasteful. As an adaptive system, it works as a protection of oneself, especially against infection by pathogens or behavior that could negatively affect one's evolutionary success. Disgust can be observed in women during times of significant hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or the luteal phase of the ovulation cycle. It was observed that these times can also be related to immunological changes, when the woman and (during pregnancy) the fetus require more intensive protection. Hormonal changes can be a sensitive time for the onset of different psychopathological disorders. These disorders are also often associated with heightened levels of disgust. Studies focusing on disgust and the onset of anxiety disorders indicate that the heightened disgust observed in pregnancy could in some cases be just the maladaptive reaction of a developing mental disorder.
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Influence of bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti on haemocyte activity of lymnaeid snails
Skála, Vladimír
Gastropod molluscs are naturally exposed to various pathogens such as bacteria, or multicellular parasites that include digenetic trematodes (digeneans) which develop in snails. To combat these pathogens gastropods have evolved a sophisticated internal defence system that is composed of humoral and cellular arms. Lectins are probably the most important humoral components, whereas haemocytes represent the main effector cells. Immunity is one of the important factors determining compatibility/non-compatibility of gastropods and pathogens (particularly snails and trematodes). The introductory part of this thesis includes a review of literature focused on the components of the gastropod immune system and their reactions against pathogens represented by bacteria and digeneans. Additionally, selected immunomodulations caused by compatible digenean species are reviewed. Experimental work (presented in publications) focused mainly on the influence of the bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti on haemocyte activities of two lymnaeid snail species, Radix lagotis and Lymnaea stagnalis that are susceptible or refractory to the parasite, respectively. This schistosome parasite causes neuromotor disorders in specific definitive hosts (waterfowl), but it also causes cercarial dermatitis in accidental hosts...
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Relationship between reactivity of immune system and quality of human body odour
Schwambergová, Dagmar ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Vinkler, Michal (referee)
It was previously proposed that expression of secondary sexual characteristics may provide cues to individual's immunocompetence. Body odour could partly serve as one of such characteristics, which provides crucial information about potentional partner even in humans. The main aim of the diploma thesis was to test a relationship between body odour quality and reactivity of immune system. In empirical part of the study we collected body odour samples from 21 men aged between 18-40 years before and two weeks after the vaccination against hepatitis A and B (Twinrix) and meningococcus (Menveo). The participant's blood samples were obtained three times to determine levels of IgG and IgM antibodies (markers of reactivity of immune system), testosterone, cortisol and CRP levels. In the second part of the study, a panel of 88 female raters aged 18-40 assessed body odour samples for their attractiveness, intensity and healthiness. In contrast to our expectations, we found no significant association between levels of antibodies induced by vaccination and perceived body odour attractiveness and health. Simultaneously, there were no significant changes in body odour ratings, neither in levels of testosterone and cortisol ratings, before and after the vaccination. However, we found a negative association...
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Immunities in the Constitutional System of Czech Republic
Malcová, Barbora ; Kudrna, Jan (advisor) ; Jirásková, Věra (referee)
Immunities in the Constitutional System of Czech Republic The thesis Immunities in the Constitutional System of Czech Republic examines the enshrinement of the immunity of selected public officials in domestic legal system. The essay describes the objective state of legislation as well as the development of academic view of the system of exceptions and the attitude of the persons, in whose favor the element works. After a short introduction, whose purpose is to outline some possible opinions and generally believed myths about parliamentary immunity; the thesis explains some terms related to the institute - material immunity, procedural immunity, and procedural exemption. The main body of the paper reviews the individual types of immunities in detail. The first chapter discusses the Members of Parliament - the immunity of the Deputies and the Senators. It shows the evolution of the constitutional basis to the institute, presents the current form of Article in the Constitution with a numerous cases when the immunity of an MP was removed by the Parliament. It also deals with the connection of the constitutional articles to the rules of procedure of the Chambers. The thesis describes selected problematic aspects of the institute, and demonstrates a number of those with historical and present court...
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Crimes under international law in the Rome Statute of the ICC and their prosecution
Huječek, Roman ; Lipovský, Milan (advisor) ; Faix, Martin (referee)
Crimes under International Law in the Rome Statute of the ICC and Their Prosecution Abstract This diploma thesis deals with crimes under international law in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and their prosecution, with a special focus on the issues of applicability of senior state officials' international immunity when it comes down to the proceedings before this court. The first part of the thesis outlines the meaning of the term crimes under international law and explains the difference between this term and the terms international crimes and transnational crimes. Next, the prosecution of these crimes under international law is set within its historical context with a special focus on the period after the start of World War I. The second part discusses the International Criminal Court's jurisdiction and, mainly, each individual crime under international law and its definition in the Rome Statute. The second part ends with a chapter concerning mental elements of these crimes and particularly the institute of command responsibility. The third part describes the procedural provisions of the Rome Statute and it guides the reader all the way from the initiation of the proceedings to the enforcement of the court's decision. The third section also offers several practical examples regarding...
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