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Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and its mechanisms in type 2 diabetes
Glatzová, Daniela ; Němcová, Vlasta (advisor) ; Libusová, Lenka (referee)
Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes represents one of the principal threats to human health in the 21st century. Strong evidence indicates that the rise in incidence of type 2 diabetes is correlated with increasing levels of obesity and that important factor playing role in the development of this disease is an elevation in circulating glucose and fatty acids. Chronically increased concentration of these nutrients was shown to induce apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells that subsequently contributes to diabetes progression. Despite intensive research, molecular mechanisms underlying this beta-cells loss are still unclear. However, there is increasing evidence that one of the key processes involved in glucose and fatty acid-induced beta-cell death is induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The aim of this work is to summarize the recent knowledge about induction of apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic beta-cells in relation to type 2 diabetes.
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Utilization of CDTA and CFTA elements in electrical circuits and frequency filters
Kotlán, Petr ; Herencsár, Norbert (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
Thesis deals about active component in current mode, CDTA (current differencing transconductance amplifier) and CFTA (current follower transconductance amplifier). CDTA compares two input currents. Outcome current comes trough added terminal Z to load. Caused voltage is transfered to output current by transconductance g. Output surrents shall be possitive (terminal X+) or negative (terminal X-). In contrast to CDTA, CFTA has one current input. Components were used in filters and oscillators. Some filters of second order realized simultaneously low, hight and nad pass were designed. Then, the transfer of filters with diverse topology with opperational amplifier to filter with CDTA and CFTA was shown. Some oscillators were designed. Designed circuits were simulated. Transistor models of CDTA and CFTA were created to purpose of simulation. This components can be realized by AD844 and MAX435. There are shown the conclusions of AC analysis of filters and transission analysis of oscillators. The thesis contains practical realization of second order frequency filter also. Device was made like a PCB by smd. CFTA was realized by components AD844 and MAX435.
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Foreknowledge of Basic Schools´ Teachers about Multicultural Education as a part of Integration
MATLASOVÁ, Kateřina
The aim of this bachelor work is one of the possible points of view how to approach to Multiculturl Education in the Czech pedagogical society. Changes in the Czech republic after 1989 lead to the political changes and mainly to the social changes. It was first time we start to talk about the culture and lifestyle of ethnic minorities in the Czech republic. One of the main elements how to change future is Multicultural Education. The change in this perception is a new school law including this kind of education. This research has shown that there is a lack of awareness of Multikultura Education. Neither the teachers at schools nor the students at Pedagogical Faculties is well {--} informed about this kind of education. In fact, teachers are not enthused by any changes. For this reason, universities are unable to induce their students to solve the problem.
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Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation om glass and zirkonia beads-proteomic study
Sitařová, Barbora ; Weiser, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Zikánová, Blanka (referee)
Biofilms represent universal strategy for bacterial survival. Living in form of biofilms, bacteria acquire wide range of advantages over planktonically growing cultures. It can be assumed that nearly 99% of world bacterial population is living in form of biofilms. There are benefits and drawbacks associated with bacterial biofilms for mankind. Life in biofilms makes pathogens more effective and persistent through higher antibiotic resistance and helps them to hide before immune system of the host. Mycobacteria, which are capable of forming biofilms on variety of surfaces, differ from most of other bacteria by unique composition of their cell wall. It provides them with high resistance against physical or chemical damage. This is one of the reasons for considering Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a highly potent pathogen. The studies of mycobacterial biofilms are motivated by effort to improve or find new therapeutic methods. This work is aimed at morphological and proteomic comparative analyses of biofilms obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis grown on surface of glass and silica/zirconium beads, on liquid medium surface or grown submerged in shaken planktonic culture. We have developed technique for preparation of "floating" biofilm sample to be observed in SEM. We have shown that the growth of...
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Differences in histone acetylation in normoxia and hypoxia
Čepek, Pavel ; Poljaková, Jitka (advisor) ; Eckschlager, Tomáš (referee)
Histones and their N and C terminal tails undergo different covalent modifications that regulate gene transcription. Among these histone modifications are methylation, ubiquitinilation, SUMOylation, ADP- ribosylation, phosphorylation, proline izomerization, deimination and acetylation. Histone acetylation is regulated by histonacetyltransferases (HATs) and histondeacetylases (HDACs). The balance between acetylation/deacetylation influences chromatin condensation and thus regulates gene transcription. Acetylation balance is disrupted in many human cancers and this fact can contribute to the development of malignant diseases. Histondeacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can restore this acetylation imbalance. One of these HDACi is valproic acid (VPA) which has been used in treatment of epilepsy for decades. VPA shows antitumour effect in many studies. Decreased expression of n-myc oncoprotein, inhibition of tumour growth and angiogenesis are one of these anticancer effects observed in neuroblastoma cell lines after treatment with VPA. Despite the fact that exact mechanism of antitumour effect of VPA remains unclear, one of the most important mechanisms is hyperacetylation of histone H3 and H4. It is shown in this work that VPA increases acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in human neuroblastoma cell lines...
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Role of chemopreventive compounds and food additives in the process of metabolism and activation of carcinogens by cytochromes P450
Fousová, Petra ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Hansíková, Hana (referee)
The origin of malignant tumors have different internal and external factors and also have been shown that, for majority of exogenous chemical carcinogens, the genotoxicity depends on metabolic activation through enzymes. Members of the subfamilies CYP1A are involved in activation of precarcinogens, for example the heterocyclic amine PhIP. One of the main approaches to achieve a reduction in a cancer risk is prevention. Recently, the consumption of dietary supplements containing various chemopreventive substances, such as flavonoids, has expanded. On the other hand, some negative effects of these compounds were also confirmed, especially their ability to induce cytochrome P450 and thus increase the risk of activating precarcinogens. In this study, the inductive effect of a single administration of chemopreventive compounds, namely the effect of -naphtoflavon to cytochrome P450, had been investigated. Furthermore, a sequential study was carried out. In this study rats were first given an inducer, the -naphtoflavon, and after a passed interval they were given the carcinogen PhIP. Finally, the effect of PhIP on the activity of cytochrome P450 has been studied in vitro. KEY WORDS: cytochrome P450, carcinogens, chemopreventive compounds
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NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY METHODS
Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Krofta, Josef ; Chlada, Milan
Facilities of nonlinear ultrasonic spectroscopy for defects detection in steel-reinforced concrete structures are discussed in the paper. Results are shown from non-destructive evaluation of concrete block samples reinforced with intact and corroded armature. Seven piezoelectric transducers were glued on the sample surface. One of them was used to harmonic excitation of the structure with frequency f1=45 kHz and stepwise growing amplitude. Among other 6 transducers one was multiplexed as a second transmitter of harmonic signal with f2=217 kHz and remaining sensors were receiving structural response on 2-frequency excitation. Most pronounced spectral differences between samples with corroded and intact reinforcement were observed on amplitude dependence of 3f1/2f1 ratio and f2-3f1 sidebands, which can be considered as nonlinear parameters characterizing concrete damage.
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Study of chemical communication in the house mouse: a proteomic approach
Janotová, Kateřina ; Stopka, Pavel (advisor) ; Piálek, Jaroslav (referee) ; Vošlajerová, Barbora (referee)
Chemical communication of the house mouse is similarly as in other mammals, substantially complex and influence every social ineraction between individuals. Important part of mouse chemical signalling system is Major Urinary Protein complex (MUP). These proteins are known as pheromone-carriers that prolong longevity of the pheromones by retarding their evaporation from the scent mark. Their other role in chemical communication is direct signalling which is mediated by VNO. MUP have been shown to trigger both behavioural and physiological effects in recipient. Proteins belonging to the same family (lipocalins) as MUPs, have been found in other, mainly rodent, species. Although the information about these urinary lipocalins are, with exception of mouse, very limited, it is likely that their roles relies in chemical communication. The Ph.D. thesis is related to the urinary proteins in the house mouse and Mastomys coucha. Thesis contains four chapters represented by three published and one submitted manuscript. One aim of the thesis is to provide information about these proteins in the subspecies Mus musculus musculus which is widespread in the Czech Republic and which is much less studied when compared to Mus musculus domesticus. The part of Ph.D thesis is a review publication which summarizes recent...
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The history of social activities in the company and its optimal model in a market economy
Horská, Lenka ; Tomeš, Igor (advisor) ; Čabanová, Bohumila (referee)
The thesis focuses on a question how the social activities has been provided by the companies during the last century in the Czech Republic in comparison with today's businesses care of employees by employers. In the theoretical part , the attention is focused on the historical development of social activities in businesses and their specific forms, modes of performance and the main areas of social worker's important role. The thesis explains current concepts of social activities and focus of the transition from intellectual advice and assistance in the social policy of the company to material benefits associated with the care of employees in enterprises. The practical part describes the activities of three different companies , one of whom worked in a market economy in the last century and the other two operate now. Here are shown the practical knowledge gained through semi-structured interviews of employees from themselves and the use of document analysis of selected sites.
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Understanding in Martin Heidegger
Muchová, Linda ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Kranát, Jan (referee)
My thesis deals with understanding in Martin Heidegger, which is also the title of the thesis. The primary literature used for this work is Being and Time. Understanding is definitely one of the most important issues of the 20th century philosophy in general, which should be shown in this work. This work should present roots of understanding in Heidegger's early philosophy from all different perspectives. It is important to stress that above all, the aim of this work, was from the beginning, to show the most original way of Heidegger's thinking on the subject of understanding. The unique way of grasping understanding should be made explicit in the thesis. There is also one particular point in Heidegger's philosophical approach of understanding, which should be brought into light in a much clearer way. It is the problem of understanding and the place of another human being in Heidegger's philosophy when he analyses understanding. It is important to make clear that Heidegger's approach to understanding and hermeneutics was very influential for other philosopher's of the 20th century, for example Paul Ricoeur. Ricoeur shows in his work weak and strong points of Heidegger's philosophy concerning hermenetics and understanding. Ricoeur's remarks will make us able to understand Heidegger's philosophy better....
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