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Kryptosporidiové infekce ryb
HAVELKA, Michal
Cryptosporidium spp. is able to infect a wide range of hosts including wild and domestic animals, and humans. Although it is well known that fish could be host several Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, little information is available concerning the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in fresh water fish in Europe. Additionally, the infectivity of C. parvum for fish, the species with wide host range, remains poorly studied. In this study we collected 283 specimens of wild fresh water fish from eight localities, 41 specimens of ornamental fish collected from eight pet shops in the Czech Republic. The occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in studied fish was examined by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing targeting the small subunit rRNA. The infectivity of C. parvum for pike (Esox lucius) and crucian (Carrasius auratus) were experimentally verified. Microscopy and molecular analysis did not revealed presence of oocysts and specific Cryptosporidium DNA in wild fresh water fish. While microscopy analyses of faecal samples of ornamental fish were negative for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, molecular analyses shown presence Cryptosporidium avium, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium varanii. Histology did not show the presence of any developmental stages in any pikes and crucians inoculate with C. parvum or inhabit an environment with C. parvum oocysts. The presence of C. parvum DNA was detected only in intestinal contains of pikes and crucians who inhabit an environment with C. parvum oocysts. Presence of C. avium, C. baileyi, C. muris, C. parvum, C. tyzzeri and C. varanii in ornamental fish is probably resulting of the contamination of the water in the tank by caretaker and detected species almost certainly originated from the pet rodents and birds bred in the same shop. The result of the experimental study supports the hypothesis that cryptosporidia of mammals, birds and reptiles are not infectious for fish and their presence in the fish is result of the environmental contamination.
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Awareness of contagious disease in mind of pupils at basic and secondary schools.
Peštová, Ilona ; Rajsiglová, Ina (advisor) ; Fraiberk, Martin (referee)
Infectious diseases are a very hot topic nowadays in society. In recent years, there were several epidemics, infectious diseases (hepatitis A, Avian influenza, pandemic influenza A) and nobody knows when will the next "new" infection. At the outbreak of epidemics, there is great interest in the company to obtain information about the disease, but often also to unnecessary panic, because the media often publish incorrect information. It would be preferable, in order to improve public awareness and prevent the unnecessary spread of disease. Great emphasis should be given to prevent the disease - primarily on immunization, hygiene rules and principles of safe sex. Quality information should be mainly from teachers in teaching their pupils, as is clear from research books, infectious diseases are only mentioned in textbooks and the number of substantive information in them is missing. The fact that pupils of primary schools and grammar schools with basic information on infectious diseases do not meet in the classroom, evidenced by the results of a survey carried out in the 6th classes and first year at selected elementary schools and grammar schools in Prague. To raise awareness of the pupils in school was to create a methodical manual for teachers, which summarizes information about bacterial and...
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Animal Models of Intrauterine Infections
Schuma, Marek ; Šplíchalová, Alla (advisor) ; Seifertová, Eva (referee)
In mammals, embryonic and fetal development takes place in the mother's uterus under sterile conditions. The embryo, and later the fetus, is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord and floats in amniotic fluid in the amniotic cavity lined by the amniotic membrane. Preterm birth is associated with decreased weight of newborns and increased morbidity and mortality. Intrauterine infections are one of the leading causes of preterm delivery. Various etiological agents, such as viruses, bacteria, yeasts and protozoa, can cause these infections. These infections induce expression of inflammatory mediators, which participate in triggering of preterm birth. One of these mediators are cytokines. The bachelor thesis is based on a literature review dealing with animal models of prenatal infections, which are exploited in the study of regulatory mechanisms of preterm births or eventually in the study of experimental manipulation of these mechanisms. Various infectious agents and their parts, such as LPS, and the routes of administration are compared. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of different animal models are discussed with respect to the type of placentation, duration of gestation, animal weight and litter size. The thesis contains the section dealing with experience with a pig model...
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Induction of innate immune response against intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis
Sommerová, Gabriela ; Konečná, Klára (advisor) ; Myslivcová Fučíková, Alena (referee)
Background: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to describe Francisella tularensis and activation of innate immunity during host infection. Main findings: The main findings of the work include the method of recognition of F. tularensis via Toll-like receptors, the production of cytokines and chemokines and the subsequent involvement of other components of innate immunity, including neutrophils, NK cells, or humoral components of the immune response, which also includes complement. The information is based on a number of studies performed mainly on mouse models. Conclusions: The intracelullar bacterium F. tularensis is known to cause tularemia. Its high infectivity, together with the high risk of death in the lung form, raises great concerns about the misuse of this bacterium as a biological weapon. To date, not all of its mechanisms of pathogenesis are known, which is a major problem in the development of effective vaccines. The induction of innate immunity appears to be very important in the host's defense against F. tularensis. However, despite several decades of research, the mechanisms of F. tularensis involved in host cell manipulation, including the regulation of the induction of immune response to F. tularensis infection, have still not been fully elucidated. Key words: Francisella...
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The role of Toxoplasma gondii on the expression of Major Urinary Proteins in the house mouse
Hladovcová, Denisa ; Stopka, Pavel (advisor) ; Hrdý, Ivan (referee)
Major Urinary Proteins (MUP) are pheromonal transmitters involved in chemical communication in rodents. Complexes of MUPs and ligands mediate information about genetical background of an individual and co-create individual scent profile. They play a significant role in kinship determination, the crucial factor in the choice of a mating partner. It is assumed that the MUP production is energetically demanding due to the pressure of sexual selection, and the transmitted signal is thus supposed to be honest. This theory hasn't yet been experimentally tested, neither was proven the effect of another intense selection pressure- a parasitic infection. In my thesis, I describe the effect of an infection of a parasite Toxoplasma gondii on MUP production. The results suggest that the production is altered in both sexes, the production decreasing in males to the level of male castrates (or the female level). Considering the results of more detailed analysis of the infection we assume that the energetical demands of the MUP production doesn't allow the production of ordinary amounts if MUPs during the first phase of the infection as the energy is primarily devoted to the infection control. The increased production in latter phase can be attributed to the importance of scent communication. Decreased levels of...
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Haemoproteus in passerines: Prevalence and infekction dynamics
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium are widespread genera of blood parasites from phylum Apicomplexa. Both genera have dixenous life cycle and their definitive hosts belong to the order Diptera. Both parasites can be found in birds where asexual division takes place. The infection with genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium is usually asymptomatic; during long lasting chronic phase relapses of the infection can occur. We gained 1 092 blood samples from 29 trapped species of passerines in Milovice forest during seasons 2017-2019. Haemosporidians were detected in 48 % of samples. The prevalence of genus Plasmodium was 16 %, the prevalence of genus Haemoproteus was 22 % and 10 % we could not specify the parasite. We have found six new lineages of genus Haemoproteus, provisionally named Haemoproteus lineages coccoc_1, coccoc_2, coccoc_3, coccoc_4, embcit, fricoe which total prevalence was 14 %. Lineage Haemoproteus sp. coccoc_1 was the most noticed one and its prevalence was 12 %. Plasmodium relictum clone Peng14-121Br2AF and isolate Cc_P1 was the second most prevalent (13 %). Infection dynamics was studied in samples gained in years 2014-2019. Forty individuals were examined between years and twenty-seven individuals were examined intraseasonally. Three individuals were trapped both intra- and...
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High school students information of hepatitis C virus
Jelínek, Martin ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Zvírotský, Michal (referee)
The theoretical part presents detailed information about hepatitis C. This part consists of definitions and findings associated with hepatitis C, especially in the area of transmission, causes, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Main goal of the practical part of this work is to determine how much know the students of the selected grammar students in the Karlovy Vary Region about hepatitis C, from which sources did adolescents learn about the disease, what they know about the prevention, what they learn about the disease in the school and in which extent they learn about it. The work includes both qualitative and quantitative research. Key informations were obtained by: a questionnaire method for students Sokolov grammar school and conversation with the doctor of Carlsbad Regional Hospital. By quantitative research has been demonstrated low awareness of selected high school students about hepatitis C. Respondents were also often wrong in the answers to basic questions of the survey. The doctor of infectious department said detailed and interesting informations about hepatitis C in an interview.
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Analysis of infection therapy in paediatric department I.
Trávníček, Tomáš ; Malý, Josef (advisor) ; Doseděl, Martin (referee)
Analysis of infection therapy in paediatric department I Author: Tomáš Trávníček Tutor: doc. PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Consultant: MUDr. Magdalena Rohanová, Mgr. Petr Domecký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and aims: Infections in newborns are one of the most frequent causes of death. The aim of this work was the retrospective analysis of bacterial infection in newborns with a birth weight ≤ 1500 g hospitalized in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and compare it with the latest findings published in the expect literature. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study took place in Paediatric ICU. The data were gathered between 07/29 and 08/10 2020. The study included patients in neonatal age with a birth weight ≤ 1500 g hospitalized in the Paediatric ICU in 2018 and 2019 with bacterial infection. The infection was proved by a positive cultivation, increased C-reactive protein and increased or reduced number of white blood cells. Information on the patient, infectious agent, laboratory tests, occurrence of risk factors for sepsis, selection of antibiotics, its susceptibility, dose, dosing interval and duration of administration, as well as the result of therapy were collected to a prepared form. The data were...
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