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The re-securitization of Russia: an analysis of the assertive shift in Norwegian security policy in the aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea
Syberg, Louise Savalov ; Kazharski, Aliaksei (advisor) ; Laryš, Martin (referee)
The relationship between Russia and Norway is one dictated by the asymmetric nature and ideological differences among the two states. Ever since the Cold War, the relationship has been one of cooperation and communication, characterized by Norway's dual policy and constant balancing between assertiveness and reassurance. After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Norwegian security policy seemingly shifted in an assertive direction. Russia was once again lifted from the politics of normal to the politics of extra through a securitization. This thesis aims to demonstrate how Russia became resecuritized after the Russian annexation of Crimea. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis demonstrates that this assertive shift that came after the resecuritization of Russia is a result of the Russian demonstration of its modernized military, rather than a natural consequence of the hostile act the annexation was. It seeks to demonstrate that the changing security climate with Russia's new ways of war, or so-called hybrid warfare, coupled with a diminishing US interest in the Alliance, is the reason for this change in Norwegian security policy.
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An Interplay of Narratives: How Do the Czech Journalists Perceive Securitized Disinformation?
Hroch, Jaroslav ; Bahenský, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Střítecký, Vít (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to theoretically sound concept of Peace Journalism, which combines theoretical foundations from two spheres: conflict and peace studies and media studies. Influence of journalists as intervening force and explaining factor with regard to (violent) conflict is neglected. However, Peace Journalism is not theoretically strong and builds upon dualistic definition vis-á-vis so-called War Journalism. The concept of Peace Journalism has to overcome this delamination in order to reflect theoretical underpinnings of conflict transformation theory and conflict analysis. Moreover, Peace Journalism has to differentiate media according to an involvement of given societies in a conflict. This offers an opportunity to specifically and accurately analyse news coverage of conflicts. Case studies analysing Czech coverage of Cyprus and Nagorno-Karabakh conflicts illustrates this approach. The coverage is essentially flat, distorts a reality of the conflict, pays attention to visual and physical aspects of the conflict and closes the conflicts in arbitrary time boundaries.
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Group Radicalization in the context of Hybrid Warfare: 'Russian World' as an ideological framework for anti-Western Radicalization
Lysenko, Mykola ; Laryš, Martin (advisor) ; Ananyeva, Ekaterina (referee)
The thesis attempts at investigating a state-driven radicalization process as it is incited by an ideological system and utilized in the context of hybrid warfare. Contemporary Russia is taken as a concrete case study, with the research questions focused on: i) presenting the Russian World as an ideological system consistent of varying individual claims and tenets; ii) analysing the radicalization potential of said claims and tenets; and iii) tracing the process of radicalization by presenting a plausible causal mechanism based on the respective concepts and theories employed. The findings indicate a certain evolution of the Russian World ideology, while the practice of hybrid warfare is argued to serve the ideology as its actualizing component if the context is considered. Conclusively, it is also identified that the claims and tenets of Russian World are challenged ever more often, raising concerns with regards to the ideology's sustainable future, and in turn, the likelihood of social and political turbulence in Russia itself or a repetition of a radicalization instance comparable in its scale to that of Crimean Annexation in 2014. Mykola Lysenko Master thesis
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Information War and IR
Nyč, Tomáš ; Ditrych, Ondřej (advisor) ; Záhora, Jakub (referee)
Diploma thesis is focused on the issue of the information warfare in context of debate about modern warfare. Firstly, thesis presented the debate of modern ways of warfare, which consists concepts such as hybrid warfare, non-linear warfare etc. Then presented three main concepts of information warfare in the context of this debate and within the three centres of contemporary power in the world (West, Russia and China). Western concept clearly separating war and peace, Russian complex concept of hybrid-information war and Chinese concept of three warafres. Subsequently, the thesis develops a thesis on the securitization of information warfare in the western environment (EU and NATO states). Securitization is understood as a rhetorical act that presents a phenomenon as a major security threat. In the context of the West, the information warfare has been to some extent securitized. This whole securitization is problematic if we look at the information warfare as a normal state of international relations, which are inherently conflicting and anarchic.
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Russian armed intervention in eastern Ukraine 2014-2015: evolution of tactical approach
Chalupník, Alexej ; Šír, Jan (advisor) ; Svoboda, Karel (referee)
The thesis deals with the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine, in the period between February 2014 and the first half of 2015, with the focus on the Russian tactical approach in the operation. A chapter describing the context of the pre-war Ukraine, focusing on Russian- Ukrainian relationship and a brief introduction to the events prior to the war in eastern Ukraine, precedes the main body of the case study. I deem this chapter necessary for reader's understanding of the topic. This chapter is followed by the presentation of Russian strategic goals regarding Ukraine, which Russia aimed to achieve using its tactics in Donbas. This helps to determine the relative success of the Russian operation and the chosen tactics in the final conclusion of the paper. The main chapter describes the Russian tactical approach, which divides both the conflict and the structure of the chapter into particular phases. Transition of Russian tactical approach from the use of political warfare tools to the means of irregular warfare and subsequently to hybrid warfare, followed by a conventional, invasive attack by Russian regular troops, is depicted in the main chapter. The case study concludes that the Russian tactical approach in eastern Ukraine was poorly chosen or executed. The very limited achievement of...
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Russian news websites in the Czech Republic and its reporting about the European Union
Podzimková, Pavlína ; Osvaldová, Barbora (advisor) ; Moravec, Václav (referee)
In recent years, many sources have referred to the Russian hybrid or information warfare against the West. Disinformation media is considered an important part of the Russian strategy. A large number of allegedly Russian disinformation websites have appeared in the Czech Republic after 2014, when tensions in Ukraine were escalated. In this bachelor thesis we will analyse three of them: Sputnik Czech Republic, Aeronet and AC24. This content analysis will focus especially on news about the European Union. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis about the Russian propaganda effort to weaken the status of Western institutions. The thesis will also deal with methods of manipulation in the content of disinformation websites.
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Destabilization as a means of Russia's foreign policy: the case of Ukraine
Kruglikova, Daniela ; Šír, Jan (advisor) ; Svoboda, Karel (referee)
This thesis deals with the hybrid warfare phenomenon and its development after 2014. It was then that the Russian Federation violated the principles of the international community and, through its actions, contributed to destabilization of Ukraine. Russian-Ukrainian conflict is mostly described as a hybrid war, although there is still no generally accepted consensus on its definition. Part of this one-case study is devoted to presenting an academic debate on this phenomenon which is then used to analyze the war in eastern Ukraine. This paper examines the various means of hybrid warfare used by the Russian Federation towards its western neighbour to destabilize it politicaly, economicaly, security-wise and socially in order to confirm that the Russian hostile activity in the Donbas region in the first phase of the conflict was hybrid warfare.
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Russian 'hybrid warfare': 1979-2014
Feryna, Jan ; Bahenský, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Kofroň, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with research question of whether so called Russian hybrid warfare is new or not. In the introduction chapter, a structure of this thesis is presented. After the introduction, Western and Russian views on hybrid warfare are discussed and used as a concept. The author assumes that hybrid warfare was used by Russia in Crimea and eastern Ukraine and therefore is this case considered as proven. Above mentioned Russian view on hybrid warfare is operationalized and then applied. There are two main cases which will be examined - Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in 1979 and Russian war with Georgia in 2008. Results chapter comprises of final table which sums up results of the research. In the conclusion chapter, there is a clear answer to the above-mentioned research question.
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Hybrid Warfare, Wars, and Threats: A Conceptual Analysis
Bahenský, Vojtěch ; Kofroň, Jan (advisor) ; Ludvík, Jan (referee)
This thesis strives to raise and answer three questions about the concept of hybrid warfare: What concepts of hybrid warfare exist so far? How similar or different are they? How useful are they from conceptual standpoint? The questions are answered by a conceptual analysis consisting of survey of existing concepts, their comparison and detailed evaluation of two of them on the basis of criteria of conceptualization. The answers revealed several important issues of the concept. Firstly, there are too many different concepts of hybrid warfare, often formulated with insufficient care for previous debates and already established concepts. Secondly, the formulated concepts of hybrid warfare are often different to a degree, which calls into question the claim, that all of them are trying to capture the same phenomenon. Lastly, even the better elaborated of the hybrid warfare concepts seem to be rather poorly conceptualized and not very useful. These three answers together cast shadow of doubt on the currently popular concept of hybrid warfare. The results of this work call for more careful thinking on whether and how the use of this concept is helping or hurting both our understanding of contemporary conflicts and our defence efforts against contemporary threats.
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