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A Case study of Physiotherapy on a Patient after Liver Transplantation
Hettiaratchi, Lukas ; Kučerová, Ilona (advisor) ; Sárazová, Daniela (referee)
Title: A Case Study of Physiotherapy on a Patient after Liver Transplantation Author: Lukas Hettiaratchi Objectives: The purpose of this work is to review in-depth theory concerning liver transplantations along with the rehabilitation process that entails it. Moreover, create an adequate case study of a patient after liver transplantation. Methods: This work is divided into two sections, the theoretical part, and the special part. The first part consists of information gathered through scientific literature, it includes the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the liver. Furthermore, it dives into the specifics of liver transplantations and recommended physiotherapy. The second section exhibits a complete case study of early post-operative physiotherapy on a patient after liver transplantation. The case study was conducted during a month of clinical practice at Institut Klinické a Experimentální Medicíny (IKEM) from the 10/01/2022 - 04/02/2022. Results: The patient significantly progressed throughout the physiotherapeutic care. Their overall physical condition improved, that led to the ability of independent verticalization and gait. Keywords: Liver, transplantation, alcohol liver disease, portal hypertension, ascites, physiotherapy
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Histological image of healthy liver and comparison with liver steatosis and cirrhosis.
Čulíková, KIára ; Svobodová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Němečková, Ivana (referee)
The liver is a very important parenchymatous organ for humans. Their function can be impaired by various influences. Common noxins include hepatotropic viruses and other microorganisms, alcohol and other toxins, including drugs, metabolic disorders, biliary obstruction, tumors, genetic abnormalities, and others. The work focuses on the comparison of histological images and clinical diagnosis of healthy individuals with steatosis and cirrhosis. The theoretical part describes the anatomy, physiology and histology of the liver with the perihepatic area. The next chapters focus on the clinic of steatosis and cirrhosis. The practical part describes the procedures for the preparation of healthy and affected liver preparations, as well as the histological methods used for staining individual cell structures. The result of comparing diagnoses of histological specimens and clinical diagnoses of individuals is 94.23 % agreement. Although the found discrepancy of diagnoses is small (5.77 %), it is a reason to think about the development and use of new or modified methods, including the creation of various calculators, including clinical data. Key words: histology, liver, steatosis, cirrhosis
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Pharmacological and metabolic influence on liver mitochondrial functions
Sobotka, Ondřej ; Červinková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Kuncová, Jitka (referee) ; Žurmanová, Jitka (referee)
Liver mitochondria play a crucial role in intermediary metabolism and main metabolic pathways. We evaluated the pharmacological effect on liver mitochondria in vitro using two novel anticancer drugs: 3-bromopyruvate and α-tocopheryl succinate. Metabolic influence on liver mitochondria was performed in vivo by high fat and high cholesterol diet. Toxicity of both drugs was evaluated in cell cultures of hepatocytes isolated from rat and mouse liver. The effect of anticancer drugs on liver mitochondrial functions in vitro was studied on suspensions of isolated liver mitochondria, tissue homogenate and permeabilized hepatocytes. Mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry. 3-bromopyruvate caused morphological and functional damage of primary rat and mouse hepatocytes in cell cultures; this toxic effect was accompanied by an increase of reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction. 3-bromopyruvate decreased the oxygen consumption of mitochondria energized by substrates for complex I and complex II. α-Tocopheryl succinate caused a decrease of succinate-dependent respiration in all experimental models both in coupled and in uncoupled states. The most pronounced effect of α-tocopheryl succinate was apparent in isolated mitochondria and the least pronounced...
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Some aspects of molecular mechanisms of xenobiotics' hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotection : Modulatory roles of natural polyphenols
Lekic, Nataša ; Farghali, Hassan (advisor) ; Kršiak, Miloslav (referee) ; Brůha, Radan (referee)
Background & Aims: Oxidative stress and apoptosis are proposed mechanisms of cellular injury in studies of xenobiotic hepatotoxicity. The aim of this work is to find early signal markers of drug-induced injury of the liver by focusing on select antioxidant/oxidant and apoptotic genes. As well, to address the relationship between conventional liver dysfunction markers and the measured mRNA and protein expressions in the D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide and tert-butylhydroperoxide hepatotoxicity models. Furthermore, potential hepatoprotective capabilities of antioxidant polyphenols quercetin and curcumin were evaluated in relation to its modulation of the oxidative stress and apoptotic parameters in the given xenobiotic hepatotoxicity models. Methods: Biochemical markers testing the hepatic function included aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin. Measurements of TBARS and conjugated dienes were used to assess lipoperoxidation. Plasma levels of catalase and reduced glutathione were used as indicators of the oxidative status of the cell. Real time PCR was used to analyse the mRNA expressions of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx-1), caspase 3 (Casp3), BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) and Bcl-2...
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Organoids - the phenomenon of complex organ-like structures cultivation in vitro
Vilímková, Veronika ; Janečková, Lucie (advisor) ; Rothová, Olga (referee)
Pluripotent embryonal stem cells (ESCs) are unique for their ability to proliferate and differentiate into almost all cell types. In the presence of appropriate stimuli, they are able to initiate morphogenesis in vitro. Stem cells are able to differentiate into specific cell lines of a given tissue and to arrange three- dimensional (3D) structures. These so-called organoids are formed in a self-organizing process that mimics normal ESCs development. Organ development is a complex process that requires temporally and spatially ordered regulatory signals. 3D organization of these structures allows important cell-cell interactions. Organoid cultures are thus the area of a huge potential. Organoids are accessible to all standard experimental manipulations. They are therefore an ideal tool for the research of stem cells, signaling pathways, organogenesis and disease modeling. Finally, they may open up new avenues for regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Case Study of Physiotherapy Treatment of a Patient after ALPPS for leiomyosarcoma.
Čemusová, Kateřina ; Opatrná Novotná, Irena (advisor) ; Charvát, Robert (referee)
Author: Kateřina Čemusová Title: A case study of physiotherapy treatment of a patient after ALPPS for leiomyosarcoma. Aims: This thesis aims to record physiotherapy care for the patient after undergoing ALPPS treatment for leiomyosarcoma, determination, management and recording of individual therapeutic units, and evaluation of their effect. Methods: The thesis consist of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part consist of general information about the composition and physiology of the liver. Leiomyosarcoma and other liver diseases are also described. Lastly, the ALPPS method is mentioned. All information is cited from academic literature and other professional sources. The practical part contains a case report of a patient, who has undergone ALPPS treatment for leiomyosarcoma. It also contains the record of individual therapies, that have been performed based on a kinesiological analysis. The analysis has been done as a part of a physiotherapy intership at the Institute of clinical and experimental medicine in Prague from 18th January to 12th February 2021. Results: The treatment and the effect of therapeutic care were significantly slowed down due to the division of the surgery into two stages. In general, the dysbalances of muscle strength and hypertonia have been corrected. The...
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Expression of enzymes of kynurenine and methoxyindole pathway in the rat pineal gland, liver and heart in circadian profile and after lipopolysacharide administration
Hrubcová, Leona ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Svobodová, Irena (referee)
Tryptophanis anaminoacidwhichhasmanyfunctionsinthebody. Besidesitsparticipationin theproductionofproteins,itactsasasubstrateforthekynurenineandmethoxyindolemetabolic pathways. The kynurenine pathway ends with the production of nikotinamid e adenin dinukleotide ( NAD + ) ,whichisneededfortheproductionofcellularenergy. Thus,withincreased energy demand during immune system activation, the activity of the kynurenine pathway is increased. Dueto increasedactivity,itproduces more immunoactiveandneuroactivemetab olites suchaskynurenicacidandquinolinicacid.Thesemetabolitesareinvolvedinmanyprocessesin the body and affect the pathology of many diseases. Studies show that regulation of these metabolites could be a key innovation in the treatment of cance r, cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases. The methoxyindole pathway is another important tryptophan processingpathway.Itsbest - knownmetabolitesareserotonin,whichactsasaneurotransmitter, andmelatonin,ahormonewithimmunomodulatoryeffect sregulatedby thecircadianclock . This workdeals with thecircadian rhythmicityofenzymeexpressionofthesetwo metabolic pathways.Italsodescribestheeffectofsystemicadministrationoflipopolysaccharideendotoxin ontheexpressionofgenesoft heseenzymes.OurexperimentsusedWistarratsat30daysofage. The lipopolysaccharide was administered...
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Effect of selected food supplements on metabolism of food-born carcinogens
Fousová, Petra
The consumption of dietary supplements such as flavonoids may reduce risk of many civilization diseases. Flavonoids are able to modulate the activity of cytochromes P450 (CYPs), xenobiotic-metabolising phase I enzymes of biotransformation that are involved in the activation and detoxification of food-derived carcinogens. Inhibition of CYP activities by flavonoids has been extensively studied because of their potential use as agents blocking the initiation stage of carcinogenesis. On the other hand, flavonoids have been shown to enhance the activation of carcinogens and/or influence their metabolism via induction of specific CYPs. In the first part of this study, flavonoids dihydromyricetin and α-napthoflavone were explored for their possible effects on CYP1A1 expression and activity when administered in combination with carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). For this purpose, liver, small intestine and colon microsomal fractions were isolated from treated rats and induction of CYP1A1 was evaluated by immunodetection and EROD activity measurements. In liver and small intestine, all combinations of BaP and flavonoids led to strong induction of CYP1A1 expression. Moreover, the CYP1A1 protein levels were almost identical to levels observed when the rats were treated with BaP alone. However, in comparison...
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Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard
Šulová, Veronika ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Veronika Šulová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. External supervisor: pplk. doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Pejchal, Ph.D. et Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent belonging to the group of blistering agents. The theoretical section of the thesis is mainly focused on the description of acute toxic effects, the mechanism of action, and deals with the current possibilities of poisoning therapy. The experimental section is focused on monitoring the effect of sulfur mustard poisoning in the liver, lung, and kidney of female C57BL/6J mice after the percutaneous administration. This work aimed to evaluate markers of oxidative stress and histopathological changes of the selected organs at 3, 5, and 7 days after the poisoning. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine markers of oxidative stress. Histopathological changes were evaluated microscopically using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The airness of the lung parenchyma was also assessed by computer image analysis. First, the LD50 of sulfur mustard was...
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