|
|
Development and function of beta-cells
Hamplová, Adéla ; Pavlínková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Insulin producing β-cells are located in the endocrine pancreas. They are a part of pancreatic islets of Langerhans along with α-, β-, δ-, ε- a PP-cells producing glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates glucose uptake into cells and thus contributes to the regulation of energy metabolism. The development of β-cells as well as the development of the pancreas is a complex process. Developmental processes of proliferation, differentiation and total pancreatic organogenesis are best described in the mouse model. The developmental processes and pancreatic functions are regulated by a network of transcription factors. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 is a transcription factor that is expressed in the precursors of endocrine, exocrine and ductal cells. Neurogenin 3 is expressed in precursors of the islets of Langerhans cells. Islet 1 regulates the formation of the islets of Langerhans as well as the pair domains of transcription factors 4 and 6, whose expression is later limited only to β-cells. Transcription factors Islet 1 and Neurod 1 regulate insulin production in β-cells. Mutations in transcription factors lead to the abnormal development and altered function of pancreatic cells, including β-cells. Diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting from defects in...
|
|
|
Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013
Maláková, Kateřina ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kohoutová, Barbora (referee)
Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013 Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyze and describe the evolution of mortality due to malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2013 and to study mortality of malignant neoplasms by sexes in detail in the chosen spatial and temporal distribution for the purpose of identifying possible factors which can have an influence on differences between men and women. This thesis deals with mortality from selected causes of death in the malignant neoplasms in addition to the analysis of mortality for the whole group of malignant tumours. There was used standardized mortality rate as the main indicator of mortality and the probability of death by age and decomposition of the difference in life expectancy at birth by cause of death and age between 1994 and 2013 were also used as a more detailed analysis of mortality. During the reported period standardized mortality rate decreased for the whole group of malignant neoplasms and for most particular causes of death for both sexes. It was also found that the differences between men and women are rather decreasing, but for some causes of death such as malignant neoplasm of colon, malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lungs, and malignant neoplasm...
|
|
| |
|
|
The development of death rates due to selected neoplasms in the European union between the years 1996-2010
Chaloupka, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
In all of the developed countries, malignant neoplasms are, along with cardiovascular diseases, among the most frequent causes of death. This tendency persists in the European Union countries for many years. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of mortality caused by selected malignant neoplasms in the European Union countries from the year 1996 until 2010. The analysis is divided into 4 sections. Aside from standard demographic methods of evaluating the mortality rates by means of age-adjusted death rates calculation, statistical methods are used in this thesis as well. Primary methods used are Joinpoint regression, analysis of the course of specific death rates according to age groups and cluster analysis. In the observed period of time, mortality caused by stomach, cervical, and within the male population also respiratory tract malignant neoplasms declines. On the contrary, within the female population, the death rate caused by respiratory tract malignant neoplasms increases. Malignant skin melanoma represent a great future danger concerning the male population, and malignant pancreatic neoplasms concerning both genders. Over the observed time period, malignant skin melanoma death rate almost doubled in some of the countries. Within the European Union, the variations...
|
|
|
Study of genetic factors modifying the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer
Mohelníková Duchoňová, Beatrice ; Souček, Pavel (advisor) ; Skálová, Lenka (referee) ; Macek, Milan (referee)
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic and lifestyle factors in the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The first part deals with the etiological factors and the importance of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes and genetic alterations in the gene CHEK2 in the origin of these malignancies. In the second part, the ABC transporter genes were analyzed as potential prognostic and predictive markers of a treatment's outcome. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms and other genetic alterations were detected using real-time PCR, allelespecific PCR and PCR-RFLP methods in DNA which was extracted from the blood of patients. The frequency of polymorphisms was evaluated and their importance was assessed with regard to the available epidemiological data. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR in paired samples of tumor tissue and adjacent non-tumorous parenchyma. Results: A majority of the observed polymorphisms failed to show a relationship between their presence and the risk of any of these malignancies. CYP2A13 variant allele*7 coding inactive enzyme was found in 7 of 265 controls and in none of 235 pancreatic carcinoma patients. In contrast, GSTP1-codon 105 Val variant allele and GSTT1-null genotype were associated with an elevated...
|
|
|
The use of physiological and pathophysiological pressure ratios in the area of the biliary ductal system and pancreas for diagnosis and treatment by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Keil, Radan ; Kvapil, Milan (advisor) ; Frič, Přemysl (referee) ; Hep, Aleš (referee) ; Mareš, Jan (referee)
:.In our work we wanted to confirm our clinical experience with therapy of biliary and pancreatic duct injuries from the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which was done in 267. Children and infants with a variety of biliary tract disorders and traumatic injuries in the area of biliary and pancreatic duct.. Pressure of the bile plays the key role in the therapy of biliary tract injuries Therefore we have measured the pressure in biliary tract and duodenum before and after the sphincterotomy of Oddi sphincter. Thea aim of our study was to confirm the insertion of drainage into the biliary and pancreatic duct in children with injury in this area. Our results showed significant differences between biliary duct pressure and duodenal pressure in the patients before and after sphincterotomy of Oddi sphincter. This results on theoretical basis confirmed, that it is necessary in children after traumatic rupture of biliary duct to provide ERCP and insert a biliary drainage after sphincterotomy. With this procedure the biliary tract injury is healed ad integrum without surgical liver resection. To provide only papilosphincterotomy without biliary drainage is not sufficient. This new miniinvasive procedure plays a fundamental role in the therapy of blunt abdominal injuries in a children and infants...
|
|
|
Hypoglycaemic conditions requiring rapid arrival of emergency services in South Bohemia
VACKOVÁ, Zuzana
This bachelor thesis deals with the hypoglycaemic states that is not only a complication for diabetes mellitus disease but there are other diseases such as Adisson's disease or congenital hyperinsulinism. Hypoglycaemia can be for some people life endangered state, mainly if the state is not recognized in time or if an effective therapy is not started. The rapid therapy is crucial and should be started within the first speared symptoms to prevent the state get worse. The thesis acquaints the reader with the major gland's anatomy that influences the glycaemia, then the pancreas and its function and its hormones function. The major hormones are insulin and glucagon. The both hormones have the main influence on the controlling of glycaemia in the body. However, they are not the only ones factors that influence the blood sugar level. In various literature sources, the different glycaemia values can be found. That is the reason why it is difficult to define the level of hypoglycaemic stat. The thesis includes several definitions of the hypoglycaemia that differ according to the physiological values mentioned in various sources. An important part of the thesis is the chapter about the clinical symptoms. In the chapter, most sources concur. The clinical symptoms can be varied, sometimes not enough specified. After a few first vegetative symptoms (unrecognized hypoglycaemia syndrome can missed them), disorders of consciousness from the conscious to the coma usually appears. The coma is a state when a patient does not react on the surrounding. The following chapter describes the process of hypoglycaemic diagnoses. The process is described both in health institutions and during the pre-hospital urgent care where the possibilities are restricted. The care is a necessary part of the state. If the patient is conscious and is able to cooperate, some sweet drink and some chocolate are the best opportunity for the first help. The ideal tool that could be used during the light type of hypoglycaemia is Glukopur. Glukopur is the pure powder glucose that helps to the body that do not have to split disaccharides as within the sweet drinks and bars. Another topic is the dangers of hypoglycaemia. The dangers include the development of dementia that is often connected with hypoglycaemic states, the brain's damage or the dangerous of the heart arrhythmia. The most serious danger that can appear is the death. The thesis describes the summary of medicaments that can cause hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia can appear as a child inherited metabolic disorder or as hyperinsulinism. One of the chapters deals with this topic. The quantitative method data collection was used for the practical part of the thesis. The departures of The Emergency medical service in South Bohemian Region to the hypoglycaemic states during the year 2014 were searched. From the whole set of cases eight of them were randomly chosen and were described case interpretations that show the way of the emergency service intervention within the hypoglycaemic states. The case interpretations depict the patient's state before the arrival of the emergency service, the way of treatment and the patient's state after it. The evaluated indication by health operation centre is depicted in the following section. These indications do not have to be identical to real patient's state. One of the aims of the thesis was to map the most common factors of chosen hypoglycaemic states that were measured according to the NACA scale, grades IV.-VI. The data were gotten by the crew of The Emergency medical service in South Bohemian Region. The next one aim was to map the indications of the health operation centre and the following patient´s state according to the NACA scale.
|
|
|
Nutrition as a risk factor for acute pankreatitis
PECHUŠKOVÁ, Pavlína
Acute pancreatitis or acute inflammation of the pancreas is not one of the most common diseases. Pancreas is a vital organ involved in many important digestive processes and its infliction may be fatal. Patients with acute pancreatitis represent 1-2 % of patients hospitalized at surgical departments (Dobiáš, 2012). The most common ethiological factors of acute pancreatitis are cholelithiasis and excessive consumption of alcohol (Havel, 2004; Lukáš, 2007; Kasper, 2009; Svačina, 2010; Šimek, 2005; Špičák 2005). These factors together make up 80 % of the causes. Most often stated ratio is 3:1 in favor of cholelithiasis. Among rarely occuring causes are abdominal injuries, developmental anomalies of pancreas, drugs, hyperparathyreosis and uremia. This bachelor´s thesis deals with nutrition, eating habits and other factors that might cause acute inflammation of the pancreas. The aim of the thesis is to valorize eating habits of patients with acute pancreatitis and to evaluate how much is the excessive alcohol consumption involved in causing the desease. I set two hypotheses to achieve these goals: Hypothesis 1: The patients with acute pancreatitis followed principles of healthy diet before getting ill. Hypothesis 2: The majority of respondents consumed excessive amount of alcohol before getting ill. Acute pancreatitis as a disease is described and defined in the theoretical part of the thesis. Then its occurence is cleared up, proved and suspected causes, clinical picture and process of treatment of the disease are elucidated. Dietary measures recommended for the patients are described in detail. I also delineate the principles of pancreatic diet and its phases. In conclusion the influence of the eating habits and suitable precautions are described. The results of my research are presented in the practical part of the thesis. The research was to evaluate eating habits of the patients with acute pancreatitis before the disease outbreak. Moreover the consumption of alcoholic beverages, the presence of another illnesses and the probable risk factors causing acute pancreatitis were eximined. I have chosen quantitative research method. The research was conducted by the means of questionnaire survey at the wards of five different hospitals. The research sample consisted of 27 patients, both sexes and different ages, with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The aim was to evaluate probable risk factors causing acute pancreatitis and the role of diet and alcohol consumption. The results showed that the Hypothesis 1 was not confirmed. The patients didn´t follow the principles of healthy diet before getting ill. Hypothesis 2 was not confirmed too. In most cases the patients didn´t consume more than the tolerated amount of alcohol per day. However, in comparison with the other factors, alcohol can significantly contribute to the onset of acute pancreatitis. Futhermore, it was found that another risk factor for acute pancreatitis is cholelithiasis, the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts, either currently or previously. Another interesting finding was that Body Mass Index of the patients is not directly correlated with their eating habits. The thesis brings knoledge about the causes of acute pancreatitis, about the eating habits´ influence and about the impact of excessive alcohol consumption. If causes are clear, prevention measures can be set easily. Nutritional recommendations based on the results could be set down for residents and it could thereby contribute to the reduction of occurence of the disease.
|
|
|
Impact of diet and adequate physical activity on the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
MATĚJKOVÁ, Miroslava
The aim of this work was to document the impact of proper nutrition on the course of type II diabetes mellitus. In the theoretical part of the thesis the individual types of diabetes and their treatment are described. Then the definition of healthy nutrition (dieting) and its effects on diseased patient follows. The subsequent theoretical part concerns about how healthy physical activity can aid diabetics. In addition the psychological aspects of the disease are mentioned. Research part of thesis is based on the description of the case report of a patient with type II diabetes. The author projected a dietary bill of fare and also a plan for physical activity. This work contains a complete characteristic of the patient including family, personal and nutritious history, medicaments and report of the cooperation with this patient. At the end of the work a detailed dietary and exercise plan, which was used by the author for this patients is enclosed.
|
|
|
Prevention of diabetes I. type and health promotion, education of diabetics and patients after pancreas transplantation
MRÁZ, Marek
The bachelor theses attend to people with diabetes mellitus Type 1 and patients after pancreas transplantation. The first chapters of theoretical part deal with pancreas anatomy, matter of disorder, its medication, belated complications, movement and nutrition connected with diabetes. The last chapter of this part is about pancreas transplantation. The practical part shows importance of education and knowledge of diabetics. It deals with life quality of diabetics who undergo pancreas transplantation. It compares their health and mental condition during diabetes, before and after pancreas transplantation.
|
guest ::
