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Annual progress of radial increment of selected species in Arboretum FFWS in Kostelec nad Černými lesy
Chržová, Anna ; Bažant, Václav (advisor) ; Vítámvás, Jan (referee)
Abstract
This thesis deals with the evaluation of the annual radial increment measured during the vegetation period 2014 and 2015 on three species of trees in the Arboretum of The Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague in Kostelec. Evaluation of the seasonal dynamics of radial increment of Abies grandis (Grand fir), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) on plot stands in the Arboretum in Kostelec was made by comparing the climate in the time period and the annual radial increment as it changed during the season. Annual radial increment of Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii was detected by device EMS DRL26A. This device also subscribed information about the temperature during the growing season. Data was processed by software EMS Mini32 and exported to Microsoft Excel 2016. Information about the temperature, I determinated with using a meteorological station in the area of the Arboretum. Data fromdendrometer and weather station and their interdependence was evaluated using Microsoft Excel 2016 in the form of line charts. In 2014, I was dealing also phenological phases and the time of onset and end of it on observed species. Due to the extremely warm and dry year 2015, I had the opportunity to compare the responses of individual species at these climatic phenomens. In conclusion, the results are confronted with the literature searches and the discussion in this thesis, where I focused on the characteristics of measured trees and their application in European conditions
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Changes in wetlands - change trajectories, causes
Brašna, Vlastimil ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
This thesis analyzes the historical development of wetlands in corn production areas in Moravia, Czech Republic. Wetlands were analyzed changes in time and space for a period of 180 years.
The main objective is to analyze the development of wetland habitats in the landscape using old maps, aerial photographs and GIS. The bases were of the Imperial Imprints of the Stable cadastre from the first half of the 19th century and contemporary orthophoto. There were also used GIS layers of the current location of wetlands, farmland, forests, rivers and waterways. In historical documents were evaluated by two categories 1) wet meadows and 2) swamps and marshes. In the current surface are only evaluated wetlands.
The total area is 18054 ha. The area of wetlands dramatically decreased from 108 ha in the first half of the 19th century on 14 ha in 2015. Most of the wetlands have been converted to agricultural land - arable land (72 %), meadows and pastures (12 %). Wetlands succession was transformed to bushes (5,4 %). There was 5 % of the deaths of wetlands built and drained. Most wetlands have been transformed due to the pressure on the production function of the landscape in order to get more food. In the first half of the 19th century it was dominated by wet meadows, they had 684 ha. Despite the disappearance of a large part of the wetlands created new wetlands, which have 12.4 hectares. Most newly created wetlands are located in the cadastral area of Mutěnice. Only one wetland (1.68 ha) remained unchanged, located in cadastral Čejč. This wetland had a history of more land (25.15 hectares) and has been linked with Čejčské Lake.
The main result of this work is to determine the trajectories of development of wetland ecosystems in the lowlands of Moravia. Descriptions of these trajectories have contributed to understanding influences on the development of wetlands. Results wetlands contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of landscape ecology. The results can be used to restore extinct wetlands and creation of new wetlands in the historic wet meadows. The information obtained can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
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A reaction of grassland to application of liquid fertilizer DAM 390
Netřebová, Lucie ; Hrevušová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
This theses summarizes results obtained from studying of one-year experimental pot of permanent grassland which was established in Vítězná - Záboří in 2015. There has been observed 4 levels of nitrogen fertilization on the meadow plot (without fertilizing, 30 kg N.ha-1, 60 kg N.ha-1 and 90 survey was influence of nitrogen on the change in species richness by using weight share representation of individual agrobotanical groups in the stand (grasses, legumes, other forbs).
Results of this experiment were considerable affected by unfavourable weather events in the observed year. We should bear in mind the short time of this experiment. Positive unofficial effect of nitrogen on higher yield of above-ground biomass was recorded, especially by using 30 kg N.ha-1 and 60 kg N.ha-1. There is an exception at using 90 kg N.ha-1 with yield off balance. From the perspective of infuence of nitrogen on changes of species richness the increasing of doses of fertilizing has shown especially in increase proportion of grasses while present retreating herbs in the species composition of the reference stand. However results of experiment are not statistically different. We can not confirm studies which state decrease proportion of legumes in the grassland due to nitrogen fertilization from results of this experiment.
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Analysis of sheep utility attributes in ecological and conventional flocks in the Czech Republic
Linhartová, Iveta ; Ptáček, Martin (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The goal of this diploma thesis was to perform an analysis of sheep breeding of Suffolk breed in basic reproductive performance and meat production traits aspects. The information for rating these aspects was used from two farms. The first of them used conventional way of breeding (ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo) and the second one used ecological way (EkofarmaKosařůvmlýn, s.r.o.).
Fertilization, fertility, intensity and rearing belong among monitored reproductive indicators. These reproductive indicators are expressed in percentages. Regarding meat production traits rating in this thesis we compared influences of year of lambing, farming method, birth month, sex, litter size and age of dam. All these influences were judge according to birth weight (kg), weight at the age of 100 days (kg), average growth (g), depth of the longest dorsal muscle (mm) and according to depth of subcutaneous fat (mm). Reproductive performance and meat production were monitored in years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.
In terms of reproductive performance with a few exceptions it was true that ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo reached the best values, and in most cases better than the national average. For example in terms of intensity values in 2012 ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo had 35,9% better results compared to national average. In the same year this farm reached 48,1% higher values of percentage rearing compared to national average. Ekofarma Kosařův mlýn, s.r.o. showed worse performances, however it was in most cases better than national average. In terms of intensity in 2011 Ekofarma Kosařův mlýn, s.r.o. had the same results as the ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo. Meat production properties were supported by statistical calculations and all of them were conclusive at least at the level of significance P < 0,05 in all cases except month of birth effect on birth weight. The best results of meat production in terms of effect of lambing had the year 2012, when the birth weight was one of the highest and the other properties (weight at the age of 100 days, average growth, depth of the longest dorsal muscle, depth of subcutaneous fat) were by far the highest in the period of 2011-2015. Next we found out that the ecological way of breeding (in this case Ekofarma Kosařůvmlýn, s.r.o.) has better results than the conventional way (ZVOZD Horácko, družstvo).
The effect of birthmonth has the significant influence on the indicators of meat production and the lambs born in April had the best results. In the case of sex rams are better. Litter size has very important influence on meat production the more lambs per one mother, the lower
birth weights, the lower weights until the period of weaning, the lower weights at the age of 100 days. It is affected by milkiness of the mother. Moreover, the age of mothers also play a significant role. In our research the highest birth weights had lambs of one year old mothers and all other indicators were the highest in the case of three year old dams.
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Growing of rapeseed for energy purposes - impacts and context.
Charvát, Michal ; Kuchtová, Perla (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
Biofuels are generally based on biomass. It may be a waste biomass or biomass grown specifically. It is used as fixed or lump fuel, and also to as liquid and gas. Liquid biofuels are used both for energy purposes, ie to produce heat, electricity generation, but also as a motor fuels. In this thesis goes on biofuel purposefully grown, about oilseed rape and from it made liquid fuel, in this case of RME rapeseed methyl ester, which is a fuel of the first generation.
The European Union expected that the use of biofuel will reduce CO2 emissions by up to 35% further premised that the development of biofuels will be a positive impact on local employment and it the both on direct and indirect. Further help diversify Europe's dependence on oil imports. They were introduced direct support for growers in order to exlarged the area where grew plants intended for biofuel. These direct resistances were abolished in 2010. Similar support was also intended for producers.
Regarding rapeseed, peak in the sown area across the EU was in 2010, when it was sown almost 7 mil. ha, which is almost 3,5 times more than the original plan for the EU. Last year, it was only 6,45 mil. ha, but with higher-yielding rapeseed seeds. Similarly, increasing the sowing areas you can watch in the Czech Republic. Moreover Czech Republic is the fifth producer of rapeseed in the EU. In 2013/14 have been sown most ha rape, total 418,8 th. ha, but production was the highest in the following year due hectare yields, although with reduced the area sown. Yet is rape sown on 14% of cultivated land.
We can not talk about drastically restricting cultivation of rape, even after termination direct aid. First, the price of rape is very decent and steady and almost half designated for industrial processing it is processed on RME. However, the system of cultivation is not good for the soil. Rape in plans crop rotation is ranked every two years mostly, but the best would be once for five years.
The only assumption was confirmed by the EU, CO2 emissions are lower, but is also needed to count with the amount of N2O emissions, which this benefit is reduced. However on employment it had no effect, or rather negative. More jobs in agriculture provides livestock production and the like can be evaluated also process industry. Another problem is the destruction of ecosystems so that could be grown plants suitable for biofuels. It is a matter of developing countries, in our lands is it about the depletion of fertile land to cultivation fuel instead of food. First, it needed more to fertilize and use pesticides. But also in case of crop failure it is revenue designetid for biofuels producers is delivere even at the cost of food price increases.
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The renovation of historical parks near the small feudal residences on the example of the study of the renovation of the castle garden in Doudleby nad Orlici in Eastern Bohemia.
Faltysová, Lenka ; Buttry, Ivana (advisor) ; Jakub, Jakub (referee)
The aim of this work is the processing methodology and presentation process how to restore monuments of garden art. On the example of the revitalization of the castle garden immovable cultural monument Castle Doudleby nad Orlicí, based on the study of literature, similar interventions and the analysis and interpretation of various types of archival material the current quality of historic garden was evaluated. It is based on field survey, which consists of dendrological research, analyzing the authenticity of trees and appreciation of all the collected documents, historical sources and professional literature. Concept recovery of castle garden is based on the expert authority´s binding point of view of the state care of historical monuments.
Renaissance castle in Doudleby nad Orlici is located in the eastern part of the town on a slightly raised hill on the right bank of the River Divoká Orlice. There was a wooden medieval fortress with the farmyard on this place in the 13th century. Sr Mikuláš from Bubno started to build a hunting lodge in the Renaissance style as villa in 1588, which was finished in 1590. The significance of Renaissance residence, which complement the early Baroque elements from the late 17th century, is enhanced by the opulent and impressive sgraffito - carpet pattern covering all external and internal frontage, restored in 1886 by Kirchner. The tall chimneys are the part of decoration in the courtyard decorated with sgraffito as well. The chateau complex is formed along its circuit of farm buildings and residential buildings. Building of castle itself is separated by a park with old trees and newer lawns (Hieke, 1984).
Castle park in Doudleby nad Orlicí was founded in 1809 in compositional continuity of the Renaissance castle building. The park forms one organic complex with the castle. The promoter strived, like in the castle rooms, to demonstrate here his wealth, his sense of art and his botanical-dendrological knowledge. The park is designed as a narrow disposition in landscape style and it is composed as a long vista to the castle. The area of the landscape park is 3.76 hectares nowadays.
The literature search is especially dedicated to the Renaissance and its relationship to the garden art. The monument care in the Czech Republic and the activity of professional organization of the monument care of the National Heritage Institute in Josefov is introduced in this section.
The methodological guide describes the used bolsterings and resulting outputs on the basis of them are implemented of such measures, which will help to improve the health and vitality of existing promising trees and new plantings of trees, which are consistent with the original composition with emphasis on the rehabilitation and upgrading of historical value of the object. Treatment of trees and supplementary planting will be done within the frame of total revitalization of the castle park.
The practical unit describes the current status of vegetation monuments of garden art. The inventory trees is the essential tool for analyzing the current status of vegetation monuments of garden art. Inventory, which should provide quality base for a draft recovery, should also be addressed in certain parts with characteristics of individual species (Krejčiřík, 2015).
The results of field investigation were completely recorded in the graphical output.
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Abundance of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and other synantropic species in small settlements around Prague
Řezáčová, Andrea ; Šmejdová, Lucie (advisor) ; Zasadil, Petr (referee)
In the surroundings of Prague, as well as in many other parts of Europe the population numbers of synanthropic species were reduced in recent years. These changes in abundance are attributed to the change of use of agricultural landscapes, the loss of small poultry farms and mainly a change in the character of the construction. The aim of this thesis was to ascertain the abundance of selected species of synanthropic birds and compared their numbers with the data obtained in 2012. In this study were also evaluated differences in the abundance of these species in the localities of old construction area and new construction area. There were selected 3 main leaders, house sparrow (Passer domesticus), tree sparrow (Passer montanus) and eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) from all monitored species for the statistical processing of the results. Census was carried out in a total of 40 squares, 20 of which was located in an old construction area and 20 in the construction of the new. All of the site lies in an area with a high degree of suburbanization in the central region an in around of Prague. The study
area covered an area of 200 x 200 meters and were visited a total of twice during the nesting period in the spring of 2015. The results show the preferences of the old buildings for the house sparrow and the eurasian collared dove. Tree sparrow was more numerous in the localities, characterizing the new housing development. For eurasion collared dove was observed increasing trend in abundance, while in both species of sparrows was recorded its decline. The most numerous species was the house sparrow with a total of 209 individuals, on the contrary, at least individuals, 23, was noted for european serin (Serinus serinus).
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Parasites in nutria (Myocastor coypus)
Urbanová, Beáta ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The aim of this work was published data concerning parasites coypu (Myocastor coypus).
The first part describes the anatomy and the ethology of a coypu. Nutria is a relatively large rodent, native from South America. It lives near the water areas in small family groups which are lead by the old female. Its body is adapted to the life in water. Nutria is herbivores, which eats littoral and aquatic plants. It is a polyestric animal which gives birth to about six nidifugous pups. The nutria is the non-native species in the Czech Republic. The first import of nutrias was held in 1924 from Argentina. After that they escaped from the farms and due to they got into the wild.
The second part of this work characterizes parasites that have been diagnosed in nutrias. Protozoa diseases cause the coccidia and Toxoplasma. The coccidia are parasites of the genus Eimeria and belong to the most dangerous diseases for nutrias. The trematodes (Fasciola hepatica) also occur in nutrias and causing obturation and destruction of the liver. Anoplocephala sp., Hymenolepis octocornata and Rodentolepis avetjanae from tapeworms parasitize in nutria. Additionally nutrias serve as intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus, Multiceps serialis and Taenia tenuicollis. The diseases, caused by parasitic nematodes from class Nematodes, are caused by parasites Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris myocastoris, the worms of genus Strongyloides (Strongyloides myopotami), and the worms from superfamily Trichostrongyloidae (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, T. myocastoris). Among the most ectoparasitic diseases frequently belong the scabies (Myocoptes myocastori, Chirodiscoides caviae) and Demodex spp.
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Influence of term of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) desiccation on yield and seed quality
Rajtmajer, Stanislav ; Bečka, David (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Rapeseed is the world's third most important oil plant (the second seminal). It is the most cultivation and most important oil plant in Czech Republic. Winter rapeseed reaches about 85% of the harvest area of oilseeds in the country. The desiccation of oilseed crop is sphere of agricultural engineering, which is still worth discussing. The main problems are how to use the product, what dose and which dates to choose to desiccate. The results of this thesis could help to partially clarify this complex issue.
The aim of the thesis is to observe the effect of different terms oilseed rape desiccation by glyphosate on yield and seed quality.
Small-plot experiments to investigate the influence of the term desiccation of winter rapeseed were established in the years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 on the lands of the experimental station of the Czech Agricultural University, Faculty of Agronomy Food and Natural Resources at the Červený Újezd.
In the first experimental year 2013/2014 was founded five variants in three replications (including undesiccated control). In the year 2014/2015 was founded seven variants in four replicates (including undesiccated controls). In the first experimental year was the first term desiccation 16. 6. 2014, the second year 8. 6. 2015. Subsequent periods of desiccation were a week apart.
The variety of winter rapeseed used for the experiments was a hybrid variety Rohan. The desiccating agent was used Dominator active substance glyphosate. The dose of
4 l / ha + 200 l H2O.
For all samples, both experimental, years yield was determined, the weight of a thousand seeds and oiliness. For desiccated variants were carried out pre-harvest analysis for the determination of solids in pods. Further, all harvested samples taken for laboratory germination test (Determination of germination) ISTA according to the methodology. The results of the experiment sprouting were statistically analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance. Differences between mean values were evaluated by Tukey test, the computer program SAS at a significance level of p = 0.05.
Effect of desiccation term influences of winter oilseed rape seed quality in terms of weight and thousands of seeds in terms of oil content. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) HTS reduced by 7-17% and the oil content of 2-4% of the overall average. Oiliness of the observed characters minimum interference term desiccation. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased oiliness of 1-6%.
Influence term desiccation oilseed rape also greatly influences seed yield.
Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) reduced the yield by 11-14%. Undesiccated control in both years achieved the highest yields, increase yield by 5-12%. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased the yield of attempts by 5-6%.
The term desiccation of winter rapeseed, also significantly affects the vitality of seeds, where very reduces energy germinating seedlings in the first days. The term desiccation, however, does not affect overall seed germination. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) EK2 decreased by 12-40%, EK3 decreased by 4-24%, 3-4% EK4 and extended MGT of 7-15%. In the first experimental year was the most vital option undesiccated control (EK2 = 50.4% = 91.3% EK3, EK4 = 97.9%). In the second experimental year was the most vital seeds of the optimal term desiccation, (Sixth term, 17 days before harvest) = 68.9% EK2, EK3 = 98.2%, EK4 = 100%. Seed samples of 2014/15 had a higher overall vitality of seeds, than samples from 2013/14, the overall vitality is probably worse given year old and transsilaged seed.
The results of the two-year experiment that term desiccation affects the quality of seeds, the yield of seeds and vitality of seeds. Pre-analysis was determined optimum solids content in siliques desiccated samples to values of 40-50%. Like most technology seems to desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) and agro technology without desiccated vegetation. As the least appropriate technology seems very early desiccation (46 to 30 days before harvest).
The first scientific hypothesis: Premature desiccation reduces seed yield, oil content and HTS. Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
The second scientific hypothesis: Desiccation made in the correct term do not affect the quality of the seeds (oiliness and HTS). Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
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Change trajectories of wetlands in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic
Richter, Pavel ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Dagmar, Dagmar (referee)
Wetland habitats are of great multifunctional importance in landscape. In particular, they have the capacity to retain water during its surplus and then in the dry season to release the water. In this work the dynamics of change in wetlands coverage was analyzed, including the representation structure of different categories of wetlands over the past 180 years in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic. The historical maps of Stable Cadastre, current orthophoto and current GIS layers of localization and classification of different types of land use/cover and landscape types were used as data sources. The area of wetlands has dramatically decreased from 5 762 hectares in the period 1825-1843 (more than 9.5 % of the area) to 54 hectares in 2014 (0.9 %). Based on the study of available documents three types of wetland habitats were classified: wet meadows, wet meadows with trees and swamps . Although, the most of the historic wetlands were constituted of wet meadows (89 %) these days the swamps (48 %) form the largest part of the wetlands. Half of the historic wetlands were transformed to arable land because of increasing production of agriculture. According to the evaluation of monitored changes by predictors it was found that more pressure on the degradation of wetlands was in the areas with more suitable climatic conditions for agriculture (e.g. The Danube basin, Moravia, soil types in the lowlands, Corn agricultural production area etc.). In these areas the swamps were formed as new wetlands in places of historical watercourses localization more significantly than elsewhere in monitored area. The aim of this work was also to describe the main driving forces and pressures that have influenced the changes in wetlands. The outcome of the paper can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
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