|
The effect of pyrethroid based pesticides on fish
RICHTEROVÁ, Zuzana
Pyrethroids are ones of the most used pesticides worldwides. The widespread use and high stability of pyrethroids lead to the assumption of that their occurrence in the environment could be quite frequent. They can reach water ecosystem as pollutants. Residues of pyrethroids are not only detected in the water column, but also in sediments and in fish tissues. The first study was devoted to the product Nexide containing 60 g.l-1 of active substance gamma-cyhalothrin. Tested Nexide concentrations were 5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 µg.l-1. Early life stage test was used.Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested. There were significant mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest concentration tested 5 µg.l-1 only caused a slightly increased mortality. This lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively, decelerated ontogenetic development, and made the body surface of the individuals darker. Histopathology of individuals from this concentration revealed dystrophy in liver. Examination of kidney, intestine and gills did not show significant histopathological differences compared with control. The evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated a significantly higher activity of detoxification enzyme glutathione-S.transferase (GST) and a significantly lower activity of defensive enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared with the control group. The other examined parameters of oxidative stress such as catalase (CAT), glutation reductase (GR), and lipid peroxidation determined by using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) were comparable to the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Nexide in the given concentration leads to dysbalance of defensive enzymes. The second study was devoted to the product Cyperkill 25 EC containing 250 g.l-1. Tested Cyperkill 25 EC concentrations were 7.2, 36, 72, 144, and 360 µg.l-1. The procedure of the trial was the same as the preceded one. There were 100% mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest tested concentration 7.2 µg.l-1 allowed 90% of individuals to stay alive till the end of experiment. The lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively and decelerated ontogenetic development compared with the control. Any individual exposed to this concentration did not reach juvenile stage until the end of the trial. Dark pigmentation was visible in 68% of these exposed individuals on the last day. Similar darkening was visible in individuals from higher concentrations shortly before death too. Histological examination did not revealed significant changes in intestine, liver, kidney, and gills compared with the control group. Evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated significantly lower activities of GST, GR, and GPx. Activities of CAT and TBARS were comparable with the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Cyperkill 25 EC in the given concentration could induce oxidative stress and interfere with the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The presented thesis summarises actual data about pyrethroids and their influence on fish. The demonstrated effects confirm high susceptibility of early developmental stages of fish to tested pesticides. When interpreting the results, we have to take into account the fact that studies showed this risk even on single pyrethroid substances. But water organisms are exposed to many other more or less toxic products and substances in a real environment. These xenobiotics could react with each other and their mixture could even potentiate negative effects. The performed studies also clearly show the significant differences in the sensitivity of embryonic and embryolarval tests.
|
|
Holistic approach in providing nursing care for disabled children in the health and social facilities.
GUIDOVÁ, Hana
Holistic nursing care requires body and psyche orientation. That means it stresses both, body and psychosocial human needs. It is necessary for nurses to understand the principle of psychosocial interaction and care of the whole person including his/her dearest in health and illness. The aim of the thesis ?Holistic approach in providing nursing care to handicapped children in health & social facilities? was to find out how the needs of handicapped children are satisfied in health & social facilities from the point of view of holistic approach. The work involved both, qualitative and quantitative research. 104 nurses filled in a questionnaire and 10 respondents were observed within the quantitative research. Two hypotheses were set. The first hypothesis was focused on handicapped children in health & social facilities and on satisfaction of their needs from the point of view of holistic theory. Most of the nurses are convinced that they are providing holistic care. However on the other hand a lot of nurses answered that they preferred provision of physiological needs to psychosocial needs. This finding does not fully confirm the holistic approach in providing nursing care. The second hypothesis says that nurses provide more holistic care in non-profit making facilities than in those operated by regional authorities. Non-profit making facilities could not be included in the research as nurses are not employed there and those who work there work at the positions of social workers and caregivers, not at the positions of nurses. Comparison was only performed at facilities operated by private limited companies and the regional authority. The research also compared the approach to holistic nursing care between head nurses and ward sisters and nurses working on shifts. The nurse managers answered more positively than the nurses working on shifts. A nurse providing holistic care sees a human as a unique complex being, not as its single parts. Such a nurse is ready to help people achieve and maintain optimal health, helps in prevention and reduction of diseases and provides support to those incurably ill. It is important to realize that body and psyche are closely linked, not separated. This thesis may be used by nurses working with handicapped children in health & social facilities. Elaboration of a standard for holistic nursing care for handicapped children in health & social facilities is the practical output of the thesis.
|
|
Comparison of mollusc fauna from selected natural reserves on southern Moravia
Bohatá, Lucie ; Vrabec, Vladimír (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
In this thesis is compared mollusc fauna of six protected areas on the south of Moravia, with characteristic and appraisal of their condition. These protected areas belong to control of BR Lower Moravia and almost all of them belong under control of CHKO Pálava: NPR Cahnov Soutok, NPR Křivé jezero, NPP Pastvisko u Lednice, NPR Ranšpurk, NPR Slanisko u Nesytu, EVL Trkmanské louky. Tested hypothesis was, whether reserves with prevailing of forest cover evince richer faun compare to reserves with prevailing of open space.
Mollusc fauna was collected by individual picking with the aid of flush solid material through strainer and off take of forest soil. Subsequently collected material was inspected in detail, sorted out and determined.
Information about discovered species was compared with the aid of Simpson´s index of domination and Jaccard´s index of similarity and recorded to tables. The biggest index of diversity has NPR Ranšpurk and the lowest has NPR Slanisko u Nesytu according to Simpson´s index. It means that community of molluscs from NPR Ranšpurk is covered same amount of specimen determined species, while on NPR Slanisko u Nesytu was discovered dominance of vulnerable species Anius spirobis (Linné, 1758). According to Jaccard´s index of similarity is the most similar (31%) reserve NPR Křivé jezero and NPR Slanisko u Nesytu and the worst similar (8%) are reserves NPP Pastvisko u Lednice and EVL Trkmanské louky.
Hypothesis was confirmed on the grounds of number of species determined on collected stations and Simpson´s index with bigger diversity on reserves with prevailing of forest cover. According to Jaccard´s index of similarity are forest areas and open areas similar with 66%. The high similarity is consequence of abiotic factors, which influence inspected areas in reserves.
|
|
Analysis of the Greece Economy in Comparison with the Czech Republic
Pláničková, Jitka ; Svoboda, Roman (advisor) ; Michal, Michal (referee)
This diploma thesis assesses the economic situation of Greece and its comparison with economic of the Czech Republic. Thesis analyses the development of macroeconomic indicators in Greece and Czech Republic and for better understanding, in selected countries of the European Union.
In the theoretical part, thesis describes the individual indicators and provides information about how are the indicators measured. The analytical part deals with the Greece economy in comparison with economy of Czech Republic. The assessed period is from the year 2003 to 2015. For the comparative part of this diploma thesis, macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, inflation, unemployment, balance of trade, were used. For better view, comparison of both countries in particular indicator is followed by description of the situation for selected countries of European Union.
In the final part of the thesis, a conclusion is assessed using results from individual subchapters. Thesis concludes similarities and differences between compared countries based on development of selected indicators and country ratings.
|
|
Economic analysis of selected towns and villages
Šorová, Milena ; Homolka, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Milena, Milena (referee)
The thesis Economic analysis of selected towns and villages is divided into two main parts. In the first part there are approached the theoretical bases of local government units, method of funding of them and the rules for treatment with funds. The second, practical part, focuses on the detailed analysis of the financial management of the municipalities Jindřichov and Staré Město. After introductory information about the selected municipalities, follows detailed analysis of revenue and expenditure and the class of financing of the budget in years 2010 - 2014. For the possibility of mutual comparison there are some of the data recalculated per capita.
In the end of the thesis is coming to evaluation their financial management, which does not show major problems by both villages. The worse situation with respect to the indicator of the indebtedness is in the city Staré Město, which uses to funding of the ongoing operations the short-term bank credits, which are repaid from received transfers, but even here it is not a significant risk management with entrusted funds. To municipalities are suggested possible measures to reduce risks by indebtedness and these were provided them for contemplation.
|
|
Debt collection in legal theory and practice
Nejedlá, Jana ; Pikola, Pavel (advisor) ; Jaromír, Jaromír (referee)
This diploma work focuses on the issue of debt collection via deductions from pension payments. The theoretical part analyses the legal conditions for this type of debt collection and defines the terms related to it. The first chapters focus in general on financial literacy and the development of the system of deductions from wages. In the following chapters, based on analysis of legislation and description, the legal basis of deductions from wages is mapped, along with the calculation of the amount of deductions seized based on distraint orders and changes to the payer of income during the enforcement of a decision. The other sections of the work focus on insolvency and the recipient payers retirement in the event of deductions. The practical part presents a comparison of analysed data about the development of the number of pensions, the average amount of pensions and pensions affected by deductions seized based on distraint orders, and details are compared about the amount of income achieved during economic life and in retirement. Then the particular issues in the Czech Republic and Slovakia are compared through examination of their basic characteristics. Based on the authors own observation, the final part of the document contains suggestions of possible solutions that would reduce the number of pensions affected by asset seizure.
|
|
Effect of Exchange Rate Hedging on the Performance of Collective Investment Fund
Pfeiferová, Daniela ; Valder, Antonín (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
Collective investment is among the fastest growing areas of investment in financial markets. Its importance within each economy is influenced by the level of development of the capital market. The beginnings of collective investment in the Czech Republic are associated with the coupon privatization in the 90s of the last century. The basic advantages of this method of investing can include risk diversification, professional portfolio management, liquidity of the investment, regulation and tax benefits. The theoretical part describes the historical development of this business in the financial market. The systematization of collective investment was proposed according to the subject of investing, the method of returns distribution to investors, the terms of investment strategy, the investor's investment profile and according to the existing legislation. Transparent classification schemes were created for particular perspectives. The analytical part of the thesis analyzes the processes used to measure the performance of mutual funds, characterization of the risks associated with collective investment and the possible ways to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk. The outputs of the thesis respond to two hypotheses: H1: The monthly cost to hedge the foreign exchange risk affects the monthly performance of the mutual fund on the basis of the correlation in time series. H2: Is the information on the costs of exchange rate hedging required for quality decisionmaking for a small investor (consumer).
|
|
Biotransfer of selected risk metals into plants and their accumulation and distribution in plant organs
Le Minh, Phuong ; Lachman, Jaromír (advisor)
Contamination of soils with heavy metals is one of the serious environmental problems threatening human being. Heavy metals are considered as the special hazard of soil pollutants because of the adverse effects on the plant growth, the amount, activity of useful microorganisms in soils and the quality of food. Regard to the persistent and toxicity, the heavy metals are toxic when we consider different kinds of pollutants in soils. In the soil, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) toxicities frequently occur than the other metals because of their precipitation and sorption by the soil. It is a very dangerous situation because when these metals are taken up by plants, they can be transported to the food web and food chains.
In the present study, the accumulation of four heavy metals (mercury, zinc, lead and cadmium) in the whole grain of spring accessions of emmer, einkorn and common spring wheat cultivars and potato (Solanum tuberosum) is reported. Heavy and essential elements were monitored in potato cultivars in the exact field experiments and in hydroponically grown plants. The elements were determined by methods FAAS, ET AAS, and AMA (Advance Mercury Analysis). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 9.0 with the Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test (alpha equal to 0.05).
In our study, the concentration of heavy metals decreased in the order zinc (Zn) > lead (Pb) > cadmium (Cd) > mercury (Hg) in the wheat grain. The comparison between three varieties of investigated wheat revealed that the emmer wheat was rich in zinc content (62.12 mg kg-1 dry matter), while the spring wheat had the lowest average concentration of zinc in the grain (40.99 mg kg-1 dry matter). Generally, the values of lead concentration in grain wheat varieties were low (ranging from 0.1268 mg kg-1 dry matter to 0.2950 mg kg-1 dry matter).
The concentrations of mercury in four typical growth stages of wheat (boot stage 10, heading stage 10.2 1/4 of head emerged, leaf-stage 10.2 and stage ripening 11 according to Feekes) were also determined. It has been shown that the concentrations of mercury in different wheat varieties were absorbed differently at different growth stages of plant. Stage 10.2 and leaf stage 10.2 showed the high mercury content (0.0152 mg kg-1 dry matter and 0.0214 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively). Among individual varieties significant differences were determined.
Amounts of toxic and potentially toxic elements detected in investigated potato tubers are characterized by a large variability within investigated groups. Performing statistical analysis (one way ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between two investigated groups of samples (samples from Uhříněves and Valečov in the year 2013 and 2014) considering either one of investigated metals. Measurable levels of mercury were found in smallest amounts in all investigated potato samples comparing to other metals (Cd, Pb).
Plant cells compared to animal cells are characterized by the formation of cell walls. Plasma membrane or cell membrane is a biological active membrane separating the interior of cell from the outside environment. An adjusted method for isolation of protoplasts was developed and adapted for isolation of protoplasts from plant material (potatoes). In our experiment, the plants were grown hydroponically in the Research Institute of Plant Crops Prague-Ruzyně. If we examine the plant membrane, one option is to remove the cell wall by means of special mixture enzymes. Protoplasts were released in the dark at 25 degrees of Celsius for 18 hours. The 70 and 90 microns sieve was used to filter and then centrifugation for 5 minutes at 100 x g. All the steps were carefully carried out to prevent the damage or breakage of protoplasts.
|
|
Mophological and molecular diversity of a tropical tree species Guazuma crinita in the Peruvian Amazon
Tuisima Coral, Lady Laura ; Lojka, Bohdan (advisor) ; Helena, Helena (referee)
Fast growing tree species Guazuma crinita (Malvaceae) was selected as a priority species for domestication in the Peruvian Amazon due its important contribution to the livelihood of local farmers. Its domestication process is still in an early age as for many tropical tree species little is known about its genetic variability and we dont know anything about the impact of domestication on its genetic resources. The main objective of this research was to assess the genetic variability of G. crinita within and among populations in the Peruvian Amazon by the use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular (ISSR and AFLP) markers.
Wood physical properties among six G. crinita provenances were evaluated. Wood samples were drilled from the base middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-years-old trees for determination of wood measurement. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. All wood physical properties except green density differed significantly among provenances. We also found statistically significant variation due to stem level position. The moderately dense wood and the coefficient of anisotropy (1.6) suggested that G. crinita has stable wood; they represent important advantages in terms of costs for transport and transformation process. The results suggested potential to select provenances with desirable wood properties for further breeding and domestication. Due to the variation found even in limited tree samples it is recommended further analysis with more extensive number of samples from different provenances and planting zones.
This research presents the first assessment of genetic variability based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 44 G. crinita genotypes from a clonal garden multiplication established in the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) in Ucayali region. Ten ISSR primers amplified a total of 65 bands of which 61 were polymorphic (93.8%). The range of DNA amplification varied from 260 to 2200 bp. Among the provenances overall genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.03 indicating 97% of genetic diversity within provenances. Gene flow (Nm) was 12.9 alleles per generation. Cluster analysis was not related with geographic origin suggesting a common gene pool which was supported by calculation of weak positive correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance.
With the use of AFLP markers an insight on how domestication process does impact G. crinita genetic resources is also reported on this research work. I was able to generate fingerprint for 58 leaf samples representing eight provenances and three population types, 19 from a natural regenerated population 15 cultivated in home garden nursery and 24 from a collection of genotypes considered as semi-domesticated population. Seven selective AFLP primer combinations were used. A total of 171 fragments were amplified with 99.42% of polymorphism at species level. Each type of population generated fragments with 72.51% 49.12% and 54.39% of polymorphic fragments respectively. Neis genetic diversity and Shannon index information were found to be higher in the population of natural regeneration compared to overall semi-domesticated population (He = 0.10 and 0.9; I = 0.19 and 0.16 respectively). The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed higher variation within provenances rather than among (84% and 4% respectively). UPGMA clusters analysis and PCoA did not showed correspondence between genetic and geographic distance in addition their correlation was not significant. There was a significant genetic differentiation among types of population suggesting slight genetic bottleneck in semi-domesticated populations yet with relatively high levels of genetic variation.
In situ conservation for populations with high levels of genetic diversity was recommended. In addition proper management of natural regeneration and ex situ genotype collections might be a good conservation strategy to maintain G. crinita genetic resources.
The use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular markers were successful to reveal genetic variability of G. crinita and they could be used for other tropical tree species. For further researches it is emphasis to extent the number of samples and geographic scale.
|
|
Bionomics and physiology of stored product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridida)
Rybanská, Dagmar ; Ryšánek, Pavel (advisor) ; Vladimír, Vladimír (referee)
The infestation of foodstuffs by mites is connected to health risks and economic losses. Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) is a cosmopolitan generalist feeder that prefers foodstuffs of high-fat and high-protein content. The stored product mite T. putrescentiae is an emerging and predominant pest of dry dog food. It is an emerging source of allergens in stored products and homes. The results of this study have important implications for predictive models of stored-product mite populations in dry dog food. High-fat and -protein food accelerated T. putrescentiae population growth compared with the high-carbohydrate diet.
The results increase the medical importance of the mite allergens detected in the feces. The cocktail of allergens, i.e. feces covering chitin, mite allergens and bacterial toxins, represent high risks for the mammalian immune system. The association of the mite with Bacillus cereus is to the medical importance.
|
guest ::
