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Non-coding RNAs in oocyte and early embryo
Aleshkina, Daria ; Šušor, Andrej (advisor) ; Staněk, David (referee) ; Krylov, Vladimír (referee)
Once considered as 'transcriptional noise' noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) nowadays are known to be key molecules in major cellular processes. NcRNAs are expressed at very high levels as only 2% of transcribed genome corresponds to protein-coding RNAs in higher eukaryotes. Various ncRNAs are known to have structural, functional, or regulatory roles, but the influence of the majority of non-coding transcripts is still unclear. Among ncRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs, longer than 200 bp) are of particular interest. LncRNAs do not have a uniform function but many studies observed lncRNA-based regulations at the transcriptional and translational levels. Therefore, novel lncRNAs could specifically fine-tune protein synthesis in the highly differentiated cell types. Particularly, fully-grown mammalian oocyte and early embryo require precisely controlled translation of maternal transcripts to coordinate meiotic progression and early embryo development while transcription is silent. We aimed to study the involvement of ncRNAs in protein synthesis and consequent influence on the oocyte and early embryo physiology. For the first time, we analysed the expression and distribution of several ncRNAs, namely Brain cytoplasmic RNA 1 (BC1), lncRNA in Oocyte Specifically Expressed (Rose), RNA Component of 7SK Nuclear...
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Species delimitation in Aspergillus section Candidi
Glässnerová, Kateřina ; Hubka, Vít (advisor) ; Caboň, Miroslav (referee)
Aspergillus section Candidi encompasses white- or yellow-sporulating species mostly isolated from indoor and cave environments, soil, food, feed, clinical material and dung. Their identification is non-trivial due to largely uniform morphology. This work aims to re- evaluate the species boundaries in the section Candidi and present an overview of all existing species along with information on their ecology. For this work, a set of 113 strains of different origins was gathered. DNA sequences of the genes for β-tubulin (benA), calmodulin (CaM), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) were used for molecular analyses, and species delimitation methods based on a multispecies coalescent model were applied. Classical phylogenetic methods and the genealogical concordance species recognition approach were used for comparison. Phenotypic studies involved comparisons of macromorphology on four cultivation media, seven micromorphological characters and growth in temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 řC. For the final decision about species boundaries, an integrative approach consisting of four criteria was defined, based on which seven existing and two undescribed species were supported. The revised section Candidi comprises nine species, some of which manifest a high level of intraspecific...
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The importance of empiricism in the work of Jan Evangelista Purkyně
Buřičová, Karolína Tamara ; Strnadová, Lucie (advisor) ; Arndt, Tomáš (referee)
The diploma thesis on the topic of The importance of empiricism in the work of Jan Evangelista Purkyně describes his approach to medicine, experiments designed by him and the study of the physiology of the human body through the senses. At the beginning of my work, I briefly describe the historical context and Purkyně's concept of subjective observation. His philosophical ideas about the soul and psychological knowledge are also described here. The main part of the work contains a detailed description of Purkyně's experiments in the field of experimental pharmacology, visual phenomena but also on hearing and dizziness. Based on these experiments, Purkyně then contributed to new discoveries key to medicine as we know it now.
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Coaching of fitness basketball training in adults basketball
Mocik, Tomáš ; Bunc, Václav (advisor) ; Kaplan, Aleš (referee)
Title: Coaching of Fitness Basketball Training in Adults Basketball Objectives: The aim of this work was to deal with literary research and to create a training guide to men's fitness training for basketball coaches. In this research I have worked with up-to-now experience which I have extended by translation of foreign literature and basic human physiology. Methods: Research and comparison from foreign and Czech literature which is is concerned with sports training in basketball. Results: The thesis is conceived as a comprehensive concept of a fitness training for adult basketball players. Because this study is supplemented by an knowledge from foreign sources and basic basketball preconditions, it may be used as a fitness training giude or an information source for basketball couches and trainers. Health aspects are introduced as a part of the study too. The fitness training, in a basketball environment, is characterised by a connection of a perfect technical performance and a high level of a speed and power requirements. It is very important to apply all exercises in an areal and temporal distress. Therefore, a basketball game has very high demands on a motor coordination, dexterity and a performance speed. Keywords: Condition training, physiology, influencing of abilities, basketball, season
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Lachrymal secretion in tenrecs: physiological, behavioral and phylogenetic contexts (Tenrecinae, Afrosoricida)
Bálek, Jiří ; Horáček, Ivan (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
The secretion of white liquid around the eyes and nose with a spiny tenrecs Echinops telfairi and Setifer setosus mentions for the first time Poduschka in 1974, but until now this phenomenon in these species no one paid any detail. Similar secretion was described in Mountain beaver or by shrews. The impetus for shedding the excitement caused by the presence of an individual female or another male or its odor. Males secretions also used for marking territory. A total of 70 samples of eye secretions from ten male Echinops telfairi during the entire active season (from March to October) have been collected within this study. For protein detection method was used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. An autopsy of the eye area was performed for representatives of all four genera of the subfamily Tenrecinae (Tenrec, Setifer, Echinops, Hemicentetes), died in Pilsen Zoo. It was found that a) species of pinholes that produce ocular secretions are significantly higher tear and Harder's gland, b) secretions contain lipocalins - proteins with the ability to transmit pheromones and other hydrophobic molecules, c) secretions of the orbital region having a different composition than the secretions from the nasal area (significantly lower protein...
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Morphological, physiological and proteomic changes of cereals under abiotic stress
Kantová, Anežka ; Vítámvás, Pavel (advisor) ; Hnilička, František (referee)
Cereals are among the oldest crops that have been grown and used by humans as important component of their diet. It is an important source of livelihood for the human population and have a wide range of uses, mainly in the food industry. Cereals generally serve as a source of energy in the diet, due to the high starch content. The most commonly grown types of cereals are especially wheat, barley, rye, rice, corn, but there may be other species such as oats and millet. However, even cereals do not avoid the problems associated with the action of abiotic stress factors. Their effect on all plants is manifested by a decrease in vitality, but in crops - such as cereals - mainly by a decrease in yield. Due to the reduction in yield, breeding of resistant cereal genotypes is now in the primary interest of breeders. This work summarizes the basic principles of the action of abiotic stress on plants and explains the reactions of various types of cereals to abiotic stress factors. Key words: proteome, physiology, cereals, abiotic stress, yield
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Physiology and functional anatomy of nectarivorous birds
Sejfová, Zuzana ; Janeček, Štěpán (advisor) ; Sam, Kateřina (referee)
Hummingbirds, sunbirds and a large part of honeyeaters belong to the most specialized nectarivores. During the evolution they have developed a number of adaptations in reaction to the specificity of their diet. The amount of studies focused on the adaptations connected with the digestion of nectar is not big, but is still growing. One of the characteristics of these birds is very fast and effective transport of consumed sugars across the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore they are tolerant to a very low nitrogen intake and extremely high daily intake of water. Sunbirds and honeyeaters are able to modulate the rate of water absorption in the intestine, but hummingbirds are not and they absorb almost all the consumed water. During the evolution excessive water intake together with a low concentration of salt presented in the diet led to changes in renal morphology that allows the production of an exceptionally dilute urine. The hovering flight of hummingbirds is well known and very well studied. The unique anatomy of hummingbird's wings allows the power production also during upstroke. Thanks to this hummingbirds are able to hover for a very long time and even in condition that are unsuitable for flight. Also sunbirds and honeyeaters sometimes hover during feeding. Nevertheless the mechanics of their hovering...
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Determination of specific oxygen uptake during climbing test until exhaustion in female sport climbers
Kalábová, Monika ; Baláš, Jiří (advisor) ; Panáčková, Michaela (referee)
Title of bachelor thesis Determination of climbing specific oxygen uptake during climbing test to vita maxima of sports climbers. Aims To assess the determination of climbing specific oxygen uptake during climbing test to vita maxima of sports climbers. Methods The study involved 14 women climbers. Their climbing ability moved about since 3th to 10th degree of UIAA. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured on climbing wall, where climbers climbed the vertival wall profile (90ř) at their own pace for 3 minutes. Specific test started on 105ř profile with increased climbing speed until individual exhaustion every 3 minutes. After that, the participant went a maximal running test on treadmill. Results Climbers achieved average of specific oxygen uptake was 38,8 ± 6,6 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 in maximal climbing test in gradient 105ř and 51,5 ± 2,1 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 in maximal running test on treadmill. The climbing performance most corelated with achievement of speed r = 0,91 and oxygen uptake r = 0,75. Result values present that minimal level of specific VO2 max 45 - 50 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 is very important for climbing difficult ways. Conclusion Climbing test is suitable for controlled training status of sport climbers. Key words Sport climbing, physiology, climbing test, oxygen uptake
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Ecophysiology of microscopic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans
Homutová, Karolína ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Baldrian, Petr (referee)
A microscopic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Ascomycota: Pseudeurotiaceae) causes illness known as white-nose syndrome (WNS) causing death of bats during hibernation. The illness occurs in the North America and in Europe. The fungus is characteristic by asymmetrically curved conidia, by slow growth and growth at low temperatures (below 20 řC). The aim of this study is to clarify properties responsible for unique ecelogy of Pseudogymnoascus destructans by comparison with ecological related or unrelated pathogenic or nonpathogenic fungi. This part includes study of tolerance to physiological stresses and recognition of spectrum of utilizating nutrients (compounds of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and nutrient supplements). Testing to physiological stresses should help to estimate a potentiality of fungus to spread out of caves. The last aim is to develop a selective isolation medium for P. destructans. Influence of several types of physiological stress (e.g. UVA, UVA with UVB, 25 řC, 30 řC, 37 řC and dryness) was investigated with fluorescent stain propidium iodide (PI) by flow cytometry. The spores of Pseudogymnoascus destructans and three fungi from underground spaces were not viable after 3 weeks at 37 řC. Other stresses did not cause a decreasing of viability or some stresses caused...
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