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Raman spectrometry of pigments of cyanobacteria, algae and lichens in the astrobiology context
Kovács, Michal ; Jehlička, Jan (advisor) ; Osterrothová, Kateřina (referee)
This work deals with the possibility of Raman spectroscopical identification of selected biomarkers of extremophile species. It focuses mainly on selected cyanobacteria, algae and lichens with an emphasis on the ability to detect carotenoids. These pigments exhibit three characteristic bands of Raman spectra which represent stretching vibrations C=C; C-C and bending vibration C-CH3 in molecules of carotenoids. Raman spectra were measured not only by laboratory microspectrometers (λ - 514 nm and 532 nm), but also by portable and handheld spectrometers (λ - 532 nm, 785 nm and 700 - 1100 nm). In the case of cyanobacteria, the spectroscopical analysis was performed also on the fractions obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work critically evaluates the possibilities of Raman spectroscopy to identify the carotenoids of cyanobacteria, algae and lichens. Besides the signal of carotenoids, interpretation of other bands in the Raman spectra corresponding to the presence of other biomarkers is given here for selected samples. The obtained Raman spectra of carotenoids should be interpreted with great caution, because of the ifluence of several factors, which potentially cause unsystematic shifts in the positions of Raman bands (carotenoids bond in biological tissue, interactions with...
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Biotic interactions in epiphytic lichen communities
Černajová, Ivana ; Svoboda, David (advisor) ; Peksa, Ondřej (referee)
The objective of my bachelor's thesis is to review available literature on biotic interactions in epiphytic lichen communities. At first the epiphytic habitat is defined. The next part deals with the interactions, specifically competition and predation. Lichens compete for light and space among each other and with other cryptogams at the same time. There are a few known mechanisms of competition, most of them being based on overgrowing of thalli and chemical action. Thallus morphology, growth rate and content of allelochemicals are the main traits determining success in competition. Competitive abilities depend on various abiotic factors as well as on total composition of the community. Lichens are forced to invest in chemical defence by the presence of herbivores and parasites. Distribution of the defence substances matches the optimal defence theory. There is numerous evidence that biotic interactions modify characteristics of both individuals and species, mainly considering the secondary metabolites content and the width of the realized ecological niche. Competitors and predators may determine species distribution. The thesis summarises the knowledge of the mechanism, character and impact of the competition and predation in epiphytic lichen communities. Key words: lichens, cryptogams, epiphytes,...
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Lichens and (heavy) metals
Hrdinová, Aneta ; Peksa, Ondřej (advisor) ; Malíček, Jiří (referee)
My thesis is focused on liches and heavy metals. In first part includes the general characteristics of lichens, the short description of their biology, morphology and anatomy. The next part is focused on the characteristics of the methods of absorption of metals by lichens, their physiological effects on the body and the mechanisms of defense against the toxicity of metals lichens. The work includes the list of species of lichen, and their relationships to particular heavy metals. Key words: Lichens, heavy metals, metal tolerance, detoxification, copper
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Lichens growing on diabasic rocks
Lenzová, Veronika ; Svoboda, David (advisor) ; Bouda, František (referee)
This bachelor thesis is a review of available literature about the lichens growing on diabasic rocks. Diabasic rocks are volcanic rocks of upper proterozoic and lower paleozoic age. They occur in the Czech Republic in Barrandien and Nízký Jeseník areas only. The most investigated sites concerning lichens are the Berounka river valley and Prague region. Diabasic rocks are very suitable substrate for lichens due to specific properties and these rocks provide greater lichens diversity in comparison to the other substrates. This thesis contains list of 213 lichen species, which were published on diabasic rocks within the Czech Republic. According to the literature 3 lichen species have been found only on diabases in the country.
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Diversity and phylogeny of symbiotic partners in zeorin-containing red-fruited Cladonia species.
Steinová, Jana ; Škaloud, Pavel (advisor) ; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (referee) ; Vondrák, Jan (referee)
Lichens are a classic example of mutualistic symbiotic associations, yet the views on lichen symbiosis have changed considerably during the last fifty years. Nowadays, lichens are generally understood to be microecosystems consisting of several symbiotic partners which contribute in different ways to the prosperity of the whole system and which differ by the strength of their bond to other symbiotic partners. The level of knowledge of the individual partners (mycobionts vs. photobionts vs. bacteria) varies greatly in terms of their specificity, diversity and in the forces that shape this diversity. The main aim of this work was to reveal the diversity of organisms participating in lichen symbiosis and to better understand the biological forces which shape this diversity. We worked with a relatively common lichen group, zeorin-containing red-fruited Cladonia species, and specifically, we focused on the mycobionts, photobionts and bacteria that participate in this association. During the course of the study, it became apparent that species delimitation, which is a fundamental requirement for accurate diversity estimates, is another topic that requires further research. Our analyses revealed that species circumscription of most of recently recognized Cladonia mycobionts cannot by supported by...
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Curriculum of Lichens and the Problem if Its Integration into Biology Teaching at the Second Level of Elementary School
Češíková, Pavla ; Skýbová, Jana (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
TITLE: Curriculum of Lichens and the Problem of Its Integration into Biology Teaching at the Second Level of Elementary School AUTHOR: Pavla Češíková DEPARTMENT: Department of Biology and Environmental Studies SUPERVISOR: RNDr. Jana Skýbová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This diploma thesis deals with the issue of integrating the topic of lichens into the teaching of natural science at the 2nd level of elementary schools. It contains informations about the representation of this topic in curricular documents, as well as a partial analysis and comparison of selected school educational programs and textbooks. In the practical part of this work there is a short interviews with the teachers, who the question of the difficulty integration this topicit into the teaching describe directly from the practice. Based on these findings, the work also includes a proposal for a possible concept of teaching this topic (Lichens), which was applied in practice and whose advantages and disadvantages are also part of the results of research. KEY WORDS: Lichens, curricular documents, textbooks, analysis, semi-structured interviews, natural science
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Interaction of lichens and invertebrates with emphasis on mites
Vtípilová, Věra ; Steinová, Jana (advisor) ; Černajová, Ivana (referee)
Lichens interact with many groups of invertebrates. Acari (mites), Gastropoda (gastropods), Rotifera (rotifers), Nematoda (nematodes), Tardigrada (tardigrades), Protozoa (protists), Collembola (springtails) and Insecta (insects), especially Psocoptera (book and bark lice), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Coleoptera (beetles) represent the most common groups. These animals use lichens as a shelter and food. Lichens have different defence mechanisms, for example, secondary metabolites. On the other hand, invertebrates often mediate the dispersal of lichens. Some lichens can grow on shells or a body surface of living invertebrates. In my thesis, I describe individual groups of invertebrates that interact with lichens, and I mention specific examples of these interactions. A special emphasis is given on mites because they are one of the most important consumers of lichens, and I will pay attention to them in my diploma thesis.
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Lichens on metal-rich substrates with emphasis on serpentinites
Ghlimová, Heda ; Steinová, Jana (advisor) ; Peksa, Ondřej (referee)
Serpentinite is an ultramafic rock covering about 1 % of the Earth's surface. Serpentinite contains a high content of heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Co and, conversely, low content of major nutrients N, P, K. The high concentration of Mg reduces the availability of Ca to plants. Serpentinites are not distinguished only by their chemistry - they are also, for example, poorly thermally conductive and soils that form on the serpentine subsoil are considered infertile. This complex of properties causes the formation of so- called serpentinomorphoses in vascular plants and also promotes the development of endemism. However, these adaptations do not occur in fungi and in lichens and bryophytes they occur only partially. This bachelor thesis summarizes the basic physiological mechanisms by which myco- and photobionts ensure the survival of lichens on substrates with high content of heavy metals - it is above all extracellular absorption of metals (binding to cell wall ligands), intracellular absorption (and subsequent detoxification with metallothionein and phytochelatins), and exclusion of metals on the surface of mycobiont hyphae or on the surface of the thallus (binding to oxalates and secondary metabolites). The bachelor thesis also summarizes the morphological adaptations that occur in lichens in...
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Microclimate as a driver of species distribution and community composition of bryophytes compared with lichens
Růžičková, Anna ; Man, Matěj (advisor) ; Starosta, Jakub (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the influence of microclimate on species distribution and composition of bryophyte and lichen communities. It defines the term microclimate, characterizes the specific properties of bryophytes responsible for their sensitivity to microclimatic conditions and includes a comparison of the role of individual microclimatic factors in controlling the distribution of bryophytes and lichens. The key microclimatic factors for bryophytes are humidity and air temperature, but the significance of each varies between functional groups of species and depending on the type of biome. With the available portable measuring devices with large battery capacity and memory storage, it is now possible to measure in-situ microclimate for the long-term and also with high spatial and temporal resolution. Despite that, there are currently only 12 bryological studies that provide continuously measured field microclimatic data on small spatial scales. The main part of the thesis summarizes these studies and compares the methodologies used. The paper can serve as a starting material for designing bryological microclimatic studies.
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Diversity and phylogeny of symbiotic partners in zeorin-containing red-fruited Cladonia species.
Steinová, Jana ; Škaloud, Pavel (advisor) ; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (referee) ; Vondrák, Jan (referee)
Lichens are a classic example of mutualistic symbiotic associations, yet the views on lichen symbiosis have changed considerably during the last fifty years. Nowadays, lichens are generally understood to be microecosystems consisting of several symbiotic partners which contribute in different ways to the prosperity of the whole system and which differ by the strength of their bond to other symbiotic partners. The level of knowledge of the individual partners (mycobionts vs. photobionts vs. bacteria) varies greatly in terms of their specificity, diversity and in the forces that shape this diversity. The main aim of this work was to reveal the diversity of organisms participating in lichen symbiosis and to better understand the biological forces which shape this diversity. We worked with a relatively common lichen group, zeorin-containing red-fruited Cladonia species, and specifically, we focused on the mycobionts, photobionts and bacteria that participate in this association. During the course of the study, it became apparent that species delimitation, which is a fundamental requirement for accurate diversity estimates, is another topic that requires further research. Our analyses revealed that species circumscription of most of recently recognized Cladonia mycobionts cannot by supported by...
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