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Hybrid origin of beavers in Central Europe
Albrechtová, Alena ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee)
The aim of the master diploma work is to investigate origin of Czech populations and genetic variability of almost all Eurasian populations of the European beaver (Castor fiber). For our purposes we collected specimens from Czech populations, reintroduced population in Kirov district in Russia and all European and Asian refugia. At the end of the 19th century the species was on the verge of extinction due to overhunting, surviving only in eight isolated refugial areas. The population size at the end of the 19th century was estimated as 1 200 animals. The number of individuals has increased thanks to the legal protection and reintroductions. The current population size is estimated at 640 000. It is obvious that the populations of beaver have recently undergone severe bottleneck. Beaver was completely extirpated in the Czech Republic in the 18th century. Since the 80th of the 20th century beavers re-established in the Czech Republic due to migration from neighbouring countries and reintroduction programmes, however we knew only little about the origin of beavers in the Czech Republic. I showed that our beavers are derived from individuals in France, Germany, Norway and east Europe. Mitochondrial DNA of Castor canadensis has not been found in Czech beavers. I studied microsatellite loci (first use for...
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Analysis of primary photosynthetic processes in conifers: A comparison of selected methods and their possible utilisation for the study of genetic variability
Palovská, Markéta ; Holá, Dana (advisor) ; Albrechtová, Jana (referee)
Conifers are important both ecologically and socioeconomically, however, same parts of their biology are not that well researched. This includes genetics and breeding and partly even physiology. Because quantitative genetic analyzes applied in breeding necessitate an analysis of a large number of samples, and conventional methods of analysis are quite time-consuming, certain parameters describing e.g. the activity of photosynthetic electron-transport chain (ETC) are considered for such use. Several methods of the measurement of the activity of photosynthetic ETC exist, but there are some problems with their usage in conifers. I studied this issue from different points of view in three parts of this thesis. 1) I compared the photosynthetic ETC activity in 8 species of conifers using chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measurements on intact needles and polarographic measurements in isolated chloroplasts. Each method brought different information. 2) I measured Chl fluorescence parameters, reflectance spectra and pigment content in 536 genetically defined trees of Pinus sylvestris L. Many parameters showed relatively high genetic variability and heritability. I have also determined the suitability of various reflectance indices to estimate pigment and water content of needles. 3) I have optimized the...
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Resynthesis of oilseed rape from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea
Klíma, Miroslav ; Hilgert-Delgado, Alois ; Ulvrová, Tereza ; Bryxová, Pavla ; Vítámvás, Pavel ; Prášil, Ilja Tom ; Kosová, Klára
In order to extend the variability of the genofond, so-called resynthesis can be used, when new genotypes are created by crossing selected Brassica rapa and B. oleracea, by early isolation of immature embryos from young eggs and their in vitro fertilization (Hilgert-Delgado et al., 2015). It has been shown that resyntetized genotypes are distinct from rape materials grown at present (Sosnowska et al., 2010), so that they can serve as a source of new variability in breeding programs focusing on cytoplasmic and pollen sterility, resistance to pathogens and tolerance to stresses (Warwick et al., 2009). Representatives of the initial components are characterized by wide variability in terms of morphology and agronomic characteristics, and are a prospective source of heterosis and other traits (Wu et al. The use of resyntetized genotypes for the direct production of rapeseed varieties is not possible due to the poor quality of the seed of these materials. It is mainly the high content of glucosinolates and erucic acid, typical of most of the initial components (Jesske et al., 2013). However, the required properties can be transferred by crossing to conventional breeding materials (Hilgert-Delgado et al., 2017).
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Intrastrain Variability In Treponemal Strains
Bartoň, Vojťech
This paper deals with identification and analysis of genetic variability in treponemal strains. We include thirteen strands of three subspecies of Treponema pallidum. The proposed workflow identify variable spots in resequenced genomes and proposed a comparision by using wholegenome aligning.
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Pharmacogenetics in rheumatology - role of miRNAs
Vicherková, Petra ; Pávek, Petr (advisor) ; Doseděl, Martin (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of pharmacology and toxicology Candidate: Bc. Petra Vicherková Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Pharmacogenetics in rheumatology - role of miRNA Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint damage and can result in to life-long depreciation of life. The influence on the onset and course of the disease is not only genetic, but due to the heterogeneous character of the disease, it is also strongly influenced by lifestyle. This disease, based on the malfunction of our immune system in RA, is still incurable. The treatment of RA uses conventional synthetic drugs as well as biological treatment. To diagnose the effect of anti-rheumatic therapy, monitoring and evaluating the response to treatment is necessary. Important indicators of RA activity, functional status, quality of life, and structural progression of the disease are important. In clinical practice, we use DAS 28 composite system according to recommendation of ČRS. Recent discoveries in the area of diagnostics raise the question of whether some miRNAs could be appropriate biomarkers of RA progression. In my diploma thesis, I summarize available knowledge in this field, obtained from...
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MHC class I allelic variability and pro-inflammatory responsiveness in domestic fowl breeds
Pojezdná, Anežka ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Hyršl, Pavel (referee)
Domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is an economically important model species in science. Knowledge of the immune system of this species is therefore crucial. In research the commercial stocks are usually used together with laboratory inbred lines. They have an unnatural variability, as a result of inbreeding, their genetic and phenotypic variability is reduced. This laboratory lines are therefore not the best model for research of variability. Presently, genetically diversified poultry populations can be found in rural stocks and fancy breeds. These breeds could be good model for research in variability of immunoresponse. In this thesis, I try to map the genetic variability of the binding site of MHC class I glycoproteins in fowl breeds. In chickens are these molecules encoded in duplicated gene called BF (BF1 and BF2). These genes are relatively well known and considerable variability has been described in domestic fowl. Our results suggest a high genetic variability of MHC I in domestic fowl breeds. We had identified 41 haplotypes in 25 individuals of 14 breeds, including 7 haplotypes already known from the literature. I also focused on proinflammatory activity in fowl breeds. I watched swelling of tissue and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1 after subcutaneous...
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Genetic variability of the genus Alburnoides in Azerbaijan
Omelchenko, Dmytro ; Švátora, Miroslav (advisor) ; Vukićová, Jasna (referee)
The Caucasus region is characterized by high rate of endemism and taxa richness of fishes. Azerbaijan is a country situated on the border between Europe and Asia with rivers flowing in the Caspian Sea. Natural environment of this country is represented by various habitats with diverse ichthyofauna. This region is very attractive for biogeographical studies because it lays on the border of two different ecoregions. Even on the modern stage of scientific cognition, there is still lack of data about freshwater fishes from that region. Spirlins or rifle-minnows (Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861, Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) is a genus of small freshwater fishes and it has been chosen as a focus of this thesis because of numerous reports of new species from surrounding countries. The presented thesis is one of the seldom molecular studies trying to reveal the taxonomical situation within the genus Alburnoides, describe the phylogenetic relationships between geographically isolated populations, and provide biogeographical implications for fishes in the Caspian Sea river basins. Both mitochondrial (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (RAG1, rhodopsin) markers were used in the study and the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed. Further, the...
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Altitude as factor influencing genetic structure of populations
Havelková, Markéta ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
Altitudinal gradient creates favorable system for research of populations from different altitudes and the influence of both neutral evolutionary processes and local conditions on their genetic structure. Adaptation of different genotypes to the local conditions is generally attributed to clinal variability of genetically determined features and geographic variation of phenotypes in populations. Thanks to their different adaptations to specific environments, genetic drift and possibly limited gene flow, populations can show significant variability that may lead to speciation events. Altitude represents selective pressure for organisms primarily due to reduced partial oxygen pressure, lowered temperature and increased exposure to UV light. Genetic differences created due to location of the population on altitude gradient can be evaluated based on the nature of climate change. There is strong evidence for the importance of altitude adaptations at molecular level for certain key genes, particularly for hemoglobin and mitochondrial genes.
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The use of microsatellite analysis for the characterisation of onion
Mitrová, Katarína ; Ovesná, Jaroslava
The object of the methodology is the process characterizing the autenticity of varieties of onion put through microsatellite analysis (SSR- Single Sequence Repeats) for the characterization of varieties of garlic into the practice. This method allows to identify varieties of onion and characterize genetic resources using DNA markers and determine their genetic similarity based on the length variability of short repeating sequences (microsatellites) in the characterization of varieties of onion, Allium cepa L. The principle of the method is amplification of the genome containing the microsatelite locus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers and subsequent analysis of the lengtht of the products and the identification of the DNA profile to the declared variety.
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