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MR imaging and MR spectroscopy of human during physical stress (MR spectroscopy imaging, MR diffusometry, MR relaxometry etc.)
Šedivý, Petr ; Hájek, Milan (advisor) ; Haberlová, Jana (referee) ; Vymazal, Josef (referee)
The dissertation is concerned to in vivo phosphorus MR spectroscopy (31 P MRS) and 1 H MR imaging (MRI) of muscle in combination with physical workload. The theoretical part of the thesis describes methodology of 31 P MRS measurement and its clinical use in research of metabolic changes in diabetes, heart failure and peripheral artery disease (PAD). The results of the thesis are divided into methodical and clinical parts. Methodical results deal with the construction of experimental equipment, software modification and development, and show of the reproducibility of the dynamic 31 P MRS. The MRI after exercise was used to the describe involvement of the individual calf muscles to muscle contraction during pedal movement in MR compatible ergometer. The first part of the clinical results of the thesis describes changes in muscle metabolism during diabetes and critical ischemia. In patients with critical ischemia the effect of treatment by angioplasty or transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated. In the second part of the clinical results the metabolism of patients with heart failure complicated by sideropenia was studied. In these patients the effect of experimental treatment by iron carboxymaltose was described.
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The influence of creatine kinase system during the development of a cardioprotective phenotype in a rat adapted to a mild cold
Dzobová, Tereza ; Žurmanová, Jitka (advisor) ; Alánová, Petra (referee)
Cardiovascular diseases are still one of the most common causes of death and impaired quality of life worldwide. This is the reason why more and more researches start to focus on the possible prevention and treatment. One of the possible interventions that could help in this field is a relatively new model of a mild cold adaptation, first introduced in our laboratory, where the cardioprotective effects have already been proven as they reduced the magnitude of an ischemia-reperfusion damage without any negative side effects. One of the studied areas of the myocardium is the creatine kinase system, which represents a dynamic intracellular system of numerous isoenzymes stored specifically in the places of energy production and consumption. Its primary function lies in a cardiac energy metabolism and in an overall energy homeostasis in muscles, brain and other organs with high and rapidly changing demands for an energy supply. However, the molecular basis of these metabolic processes and their course induced by a cold adaptation are not yet fully known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the changes in expression of three CK isoforms (CKB, CKM, mtCKs) after exposure to a mild cold (8±1 řC) during the period of an acute cold (1, 3, 10 days) and during the period of a chronic cold (5 weeks)...
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Potential role of opioids in neuroprotection
Gebauer, Martin ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Rudajev, Vladimír (referee)
The opioids have been used by mankind for more than two millennia, but effect and mechanism of their action on the cells has been unveiling in the last few decades. The mechanism itself is often still unknown, but its effect is observed only. There are several groups of opioid receptors which are able to bind opioids. These groups are characterized by their differe nt affinity to opioids, in some cases by their different effects on cells and by their representation in the various areas in the CNS. Thus, the effects induces by these opioid are very different in many cases. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge about coronary heart disease and the potential of opioids for the prevention and their effect during ischemia, also summarizes the effects of morphine on the CNS. During ischemia δ-opioid receptors play a major role, because they inhibit or block the proapoptotic effects of ischemia on many levels. These receptors are also involved in inducing and maintaining the animal hibernation and protect animal's body against very harmful effects of hibernation, e.g lack of oxygen and nutrients. Morphine is opioid which has been used as anesthetic for longest time. It is well-known opioid and it has the most known derivates. This thesis also summarizes most significant effects of morphine on...
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Astrocyte volume changes during brain ischemic injury
Mikešová, Michaela ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Zemková, Hana (referee)
Brain ischemic injury is a complex of pathophysiological events following transient or permanent reduction of brain blood flow. It results in a disruption of neuronal and astrocytic physiological functions, long-term reduction of brain blood flow leads to the cell death. Number of recent studies is focused on astrocytes, which might play key roles in surviving cells, including neurons, during ischemic injury. Astrocytes provide many important functions, such as maintenance of ionic homeostasis, prevention of excitotoxicity, scavenging free radicals and others and thus astrocytes may dramatically swell during ischemic conditions and contribute notably to the development of cytotoxic edema. This thesis summarizes mechanisms possibly contributing to the astrocytic swelling during brain ischemic injury as well as methods used for studying astrocyte volume changes and their quantification. Since the brain edema dramatically complicates both course and treatment of ischemic injury, knowledge of mechanisms leading to astrocytic swelling and their volume regulation during ischemia/reperfusion might be used for developing new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, mainly for reduction of negative impact of edema.
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Steatosis of liver and mitochondrial dysfunction
Páleníčková, Eliška ; Novák, František (advisor) ; Balková, Patricie (referee)
Aim: To determine the effect of diet-induced steatosis in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and hepatic sensitivity to the partial ischemia. Methods: Male Wistar rats (361 ± 8.8 g) were fed standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Partial ischemia was induced by short-term clamp (20 min) of vein porta two days before the end of the experiment. Results: Ten-week HFD administration lead due to increased ketogenesis the altered glucose tolerance elevated serum NEFA. We demonstrated the inhibitory effect of HFD on the respiratory capacity of mitochondria in vitro. HFD negatively affected the activity of antioxidant systems and stimulated the formation of lipoperoxides. Partial ischemia had no efect on the mitochondrial oxidative capacity but significantly elevated the oxidative stress. Conclusion: HFD administration lead to the development of fatty liver that was still not accompanied by biochemical markers of liver injury. Nevertheless, we proved the impairment of to mitochondrial respiratory capacity, signs of structural damage of mitochondria and the increased sensitivity to oxidative damage of the liver. Subject words: biochemistry, physiology Keywords: mitochondria, HFD, ischemia, respiratory chain, antioxidant systém, ROS
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Myocardial phospholipases A2 and oxidative stress
Závišková, Kristýna ; Míčová, Petra (advisor) ; Chytilová, Anna (referee)
Heart and vascular diseases, in which oxidative stress plays an important role, are the most frequent cause of death in developed countries. Therefore today's researches focus on clarifying signaling pathway and their components that operates in these processes. One of the possible key factors can be phospholipases A2. These enzymes hydrolyze unsaturated fatty acids from C2 position on phospholipids, which easily subject to the oxidative modification due to their double bonds. There are five groups: the secreted, the cytosolic, the calcium independent, the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases and the lysosomal phospholipases A2. They differ in the requirement for calcium ions for its activity, molecular weight, position of disulfide bonds and amino acids sequences in the active site. Their main importance is to keep the stability and integrity of cell membranes and produce lipid signaling molecules (free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, eicosanoids). The phospholipases A2 play a dual role during oxidative stress in myocardium. First, they have a positive effect by protecting membranes against oxidative stress due to their higher affinity for removal of peroxidized fatty acids from membrane phospholipids. On the other hand, the phospholipases A2 can also cause destructive effects during...
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Autophagy in the heart
Šprláková, Katarína ; Hlaváčková, Markéta (advisor) ; Tomšů, Eva (referee)
Currently, it is growing evidence that autophagy is involved in the prevention of various diseases, which of course also includes heart diseases. This thesis is therefore aimed at clarifying the role of autophagy in the heart, especially during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Autophagy is a physiological cellular process by which the cell maintains homeostasis by eliminating long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. The role of autophagy during ischemia/reperfusion in the heart is complex. Predominantly it functions as a pro-survival pathway, because it protects the heart from ischemia or hypoxia. However, when triggered over, which happens during reperfusion, it may lead to cell death. In the heart autophagy is activated in response to various stimuli, such as decrease in ATP and subsequent activation of AMPK, protein Bnip3, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, endoplasmic reticulum stress or unfolded protein response.
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Kazuistic physiotherapeutic care for patients after a vascular stroke
Benda, Petr ; Reckziegelová, Petra (advisor) ; Hankovcová, Eva (referee)
Thesis Name: Kazuistic physiotherapeutic care for patients after a vascular stroke Aims: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to process and then delineate theoretical and practical knowledge regarding diagnose of a vascular stroke and it's application on detailed kazuistic of a patient with mentioned diagnose. Summary: This bachelor thesis is focused on ischemic vascular stroke of a female patient with side diagnosis of a Down syndrome. The thesis is compiled of two parts. Theoretical part describes definition of a vascular stroke, mechanisms of it's formation, the most important risk factors and the problematic of the most common displaying methods of a vascular stroke. Theoretical part of the thesis also focuses on stadiums after vascular stroke, treatment, rehabilitation in both urgent and sub-urgent chronic phases and also on physiotherapeutic methods used in therapeutic treatment of patients with mentioned diagnosis. The conclusion of theoretical part of the thesis is focused on Down syndrome and its characteristics, pathologies and etiologies diagnosis of it. Practical part of the thesis is focused on kauzistic physiotherapeutic care after patient after ischemic vascular stroke with left-sided hemiparasis. There is described complete kineziological analysis, process of therapy, final...
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Cardiac ischemic tolerance of hypertensive rats
Jelínek, Jan ; Neckář, Jan (advisor) ; Sotáková, Dita (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to summarize current knowledge about the influence of the ischemic- reperfusion injury at the myocard of hypertensive subjects. First part of this thesis is focused on the description of ischemia, reperfusion and changes in the myocardial metabolism during these processes. These changes in the myocardial metabolism are for example necrosis or apoptosis of the myocardial cells. The second part describes the currently known cardioprotective phenomena. This part also compares their effects. The signalization of preconditioning, the second window of preconditioning and the postconditioning are described here in more details. Third part is focused on the description of the risk factors connected to the ICHS and hypertension. It describes also classes of hypertension, clinical and experimental methods of hypertension treatment, description of the laboratory breeds of hypertensive rats. In the last part of this thesis I describe the influence of hypertension on the I-R injury in current laboratory studies. In the most studies spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used. As a normotensive controls Wistar-Kyoto rats were mostly used. For some other experiments transgenic genetic rats (TGR) were used. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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