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Perceptual and subjective component of body image in preschool girls
Chudobová, Petra ; Fraňková, Slávka (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
Sociokulturní ideál krásy je přejímán již v předškolním věku (Feldman et al., 1988, Flannery - Schroeder a Chrisler, 1996). Předškolní děti se od svých rodiču! sourozencu, vrstevníku a z médií učí, že štíhlost je vysoce oceňována a být "tlustý" je špatné. Jsou ovlivněny televizí, dětskými časopisy i hračkami typu panenky Barbie. Cílem této práce bylo zjistit, jak je body image formován u dívek předškolního věku 1 zda lze tyto zněny detekovat metodou, adekvátní chápání předškolních dívek. Dále jsem chtěla zmapovat, co soudí předškolní dívky o svých proporcích, jaké proporce považují za ideální, zda rozumí pojmu dieta! jak hodnotí zájmy štíhlé a silné figury, do jaké míry jsou schopny přesného odhadu vlastního těla a postavy matky, jaká je jejich představa o ideální budoucí postavě. Výsledky ukazují, že k významným kvalitativním změnám dochází mezi čtvrtým a pátým rokem života. Tříleté a některé čtyřleté dívky ještě nejsou schopny postihnout (nebo verbálně vyjádřit) rozdíly mezi odlišnými tělesnými rozměry. Pětileté a šestileté dívky dobře rozlišují tělesné rozměry, často používají negativní označení pro objemnější tělesné proporce. Šestileté a starší dívky mají již realistický body image. Většina z nich vyjadřuje averze a kritické připomínky vuči lidem s nadváhou. To muže znamenat, že začínají přijímat...
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The biological basis of mental illness with regard to affective disorders
Volf, Petr ; Šivicová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current biological hypotheses and manifestations of mental illness with an emphasis on affective disorders. Mood disorders are the third most common mental disorder and lifelong perspective affects almost one-fifth of the population. For this reason, their etiology is important issue for the prevention, treatment and subsequent rehabilitation. Bachelor thesis puts emphasis on the biological disposition, especially anatomical and physiological abnormalities typical for affective disorders and attempts to classify and structure the existing research findings. The output is a research project that could provide the answer, if it is indeed a significant difference in biological dispositions (and their types) in individuals with emotional disorders and a healthy population. Specifically, the text contains anatomical and neurophysiological description of the structures of the brain that are responsible for the emotional state of a person, the clinical picture of affective disorders and an overview of approaches to their genesis. The following is dedicated to individual biological hypotheses, which results in the research question, that deals with the design of empirical investigation.
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Coaching as a support method in the process of quitting smoking
Šmejkalová, Andrea ; Niederlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
This thesis deals with the possibility of using psychological coaching as a support method for smoking cessation. The theoretical section provides an overview of key information on the topics of coaching and smoking, with an emphasis primarily on the aspects applied in the qualitative research project, the description of which constitutes the content of the empirical section. On the basis of the author's preconceived original design which, in addition to the diagnostic and evaluation phases, comprised the essential stage of the three-month long coaching of nine smokers in different stages of the cessation process, the author sought to map the potential benefits, advantages and other aspects of the use of coaching as an innovative method, thusfar not commonly included among the established alternatives offered as smoking cessation intervention techniques. Keywords: coaching, smoking, tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, quitting smoking
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Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies for Paramedics
Sarisová, Kristina ; Niederlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
The thesis deals with emotional intelligence and coping strategies for paramedics. The theoretical part provides information on the emotional intelligence of its models and measurement capabilities. It is then discussed strategies of coping with stress on its historical and theoretical approaches and the types of strategies and also about the methods by which we discover the use of a specific coping style. It is also described the characteristics of paramedic profession, qualification requirements for the exercise of the profession, as well as competence and personal characteristics of rescuers. The aim of the empirical part is quantitatively map a degree of emotional intelligence of paramedics, preference coping styles in this population and mutual respect between the two variables.
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The Influence of regular physical activity on self concept of women
Polášková, Michaela ; Bahbouh, Radvan (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to study physical self-evaluation and generalized self-efficacy within the self-concept of women. This is put in context with their regular physical exercise. a number of other variables are being examined to add the complexity to the topic of self-concept and sports. Among them there are Body Mass Index (BMI), subjective self- confidence, level of professional involvement in particular sport activity and whether the woman has children. The theoretical part of this work looks at the self-concept paradigm focusing on the physical self-concept of women and self-efficacy in sports. Furthermore it examines how the physical exercise is related to the mind. In the empirical part of the thesis physical self-evaluation of women was researched in context with the type of exercise they had been doing. This was examined in quantitative analysis of a group of 100 women who did sports. The research includes also relationship among physical self- evaluation, generalized self-efficacy and other variables. The research method used was the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The results of the research are: There is no statistically relevant difference in physical self- evaluation of women based on the type of exercise they do regularly....
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Video Confrontation as a Therapy Technique in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Adámková Ségard, Milena ; Fraňková, Slávka (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze, Katedra psychologie Název práce: Využití terapeutické techniky video konfrontace v léčbě poruchy příjmu potravy Název práce v angličtině:Video confrontation in the treatment of eating disorders Autor práce: Milena Adámková Ségard Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Slávka Fraňková, DrSc. Rok odevzdání: 2012 Abstrakt anglicky The goal of this pilot study is to search for a specific influence of the video confrontation technique when used as a therapy for a patient with eating disorder. For the method a questionnaire was chosen which includes semantic differentials and separate sentences. The respondents were selected based on availability.The 26 respondents included in this research were all women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. All were hospitalized in a eating disorder unit. The outcome of the study confirmed that video confrontation resulted in the patients describing their own body as more elegant, and had lowered the feeling of being unsure or uninterested in their own body. In the case of patients with anorexia nervosa a specific influence was found in that the patients' perception of their own body changed to more elegant and valuable. In the case of patients with bulimia nervosa the specific influence was that these patients were less ashamed...
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Differences in sexual behavior and attitudes between highly and less orgasmic women
Polcarová, Aneta ; Weiss, Petr (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
The aim of our investigation is to explore a sexual life, experience and attitudes of women who are divided into for groups, according to their ability to reach orgasm during partnered sexual activities. We try to identify possible differences between these groups in diverse sexual areas. We do not formulate any hypothesis, our research has an exploratory character. We used data from 905 women, who participated in a nationwide research, that aims to investigate changes in Czech population sexual behavior. The research is in progress since 1993 and it repeats every five years. Our sample originates from a data collection in 2008. The data collection (using anonymous questionnaire) was conducted by a specialized agency DEMA a.s. The data were processed using SPSS 16.0. Our results are following: The orgastic ability decreases with age. Widows, pensioners, and Roman Catholics rarely experience orgasm. Highly orgasmic women are of higher education. These women engaged into partnered sexual activities (such as necking, petting, sexual intercourse) earlier than the less orgasmic women did. The highly orgasmic women more masturbate. They also reported a higher number of sexual partners during their life, and they engage into a casual sex and diverse sexual practices more often. Furthermore, the highly...
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The therapy of emotional and behavioral problems after acquired brain injury
Piťhová, Zuzana ; Kulišťák, Petr (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
The changes in emotivity and behavior are common after acquired brain injury, which complicates the readaptation of an individual to his environment. Compared to cognitive problems, these changes are not so greatly regarded because their complexity requires care in the context of its special neuropsychological treatment. The objective of the theoretical part of this thesis was to elucidate the issue of acquired brain injury and summarize current knowledge and experience in the field of therapeutic work with this specific group of people. The aim of the empirical part of this thesis was to design an appropriate educationally based preventive program that would focus on the experience of personality change after ABI. The goal of this program was to provide patients with information about the usual consequences of ABI and to provide a place to share the problems they experience. The effectiveness of this program was measured via the European Brain Injury Questionnaire (EBIQ) and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). The results were compared in the experimental group (N=30) before and after the completion of the program and in the control group (N=30). In the group that undertook the intervention, the EBIQ-P showed significant improvement in the subscale Physical. The ZSDS results showed...
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Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination in screening diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease
Orlíková, Hana ; Kulišťák, Petr (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
This thesis deals with the neuropsychological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The aim is to evaluate the psychometric characteristics ofthe new Czech translation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) by comparison with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a method widely used by doctors inscreening diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease. The theoretical part deals with the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. We describe international diagnostic criteria of cognitive disorders and provide an overview of the screening neuropsychological methods most commonly used by Czech specialists. We summarize the current psychometric and psychodiagnostic findings on these methods and focuse on description of MMSE and MoCA. In the empirical part we compare Czech version of MMSE and MoCA-CZ (the new Czech translation of the test). We examined 38 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 70 cognitively healthy seniors. The results show that MoCA-CZ is sufficiently valid and reliable screening method that accurately distinguishbetween healthy subjects and patiens with Alzheimer's disease. We believe that it can enrich screening tools that are available to Czech experts. Key words: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's disease, psychodiagnostics,...
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Video Confrontation as a Therapy Technique in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Adámková Ségard, Milena ; Fraňková, Slávka (advisor) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (referee)
1 Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze, Katedra psychologie Název práce: Využití terapeutické techniky video konfrontace v léčbě poruchy příjmu potravy Název práce v angličtině:Video confrontation in the treatment of eating disorders Autor práce: Mgr.Milena Adámková Ségard, Ph.D. Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Slávka Fraňková, DrSc. Rok odevzdání: 2012 Abstrakt anglicky The goal of this pilot study is to search for a specific influence of the video confrontation technique when used as a therapy for a patient with eating disorder. For the method a questionnaire was chosen which includes semantic differentials and separate sentences. The respondents were selected based on availability. The 26 respondents included in this research were all women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. All were hospitalized in an eating disorder unit. The outcome of the study confirmed that video confrontation resulted in the patients describing the picture of their own body less ungainly and they were less ashamed about their own body. The outcome of the study confirmed that video confrontation resulted in the patients with anorexia nervosa describing the picture of their own body as more elegant, attractive, but also more worthless, more ugly and ungainly. In the case of patients with bulimia nervosa a...
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