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Women Candidates in US Presidential Election
Machová, Kateřina ; Kotábová, Věra (advisor) ; Gelnarová, Jitka (referee)
This thesis deals with the up to date topic of women as head of the United States of America. Although a woman has not yet been a President or Vice President of the U.S., there have been several women who came very close. This paper examines the path of American women from the private sphere of life into politics and also looks at how the women's equality is grounded in the rules of the two main political parties. Women in political office often have to face unequal bias from the media and society. Women are being judged and evaluated differently than their male counterparts. In this thesis, the phenomenon of gendered reporting is explained and summed up. In its last part, this paper includes the profiles of three women - Geraldine Ferraro, Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton, three women who got the closest to the American presidency.
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Lineage plasticity of leukemic cells
Slámová, Lucie ; Mejstříková, Ester (advisor) ; Brdička, Radim (referee) ; Machová Poláková, Kateřina (referee)
So far, the lymphoid to myeloid lineage switch during the treatment of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) was identified only rarely in patients with the MLL gene rearrangement. We discovered a novel BCP ALL subset switching to monocytoid lineage during an early phase of the treatment - swALL ("switching" ALL) with no MLL gene rearrangement. The proportion of swALL cases among BCP ALLs was unexpectedly high (3-4%). All swALLs have expressed the CD2 antigen (LFA-2). The upregulation of C/EBPα gene and hypomethylation of the CEBPA promoter were significant in blasts already at diagnosis, proceeding the lineage switch in the majority of the cases. SwALL patients were characterized by unique subpopulation of the cells coexpressing B lymphoid and monocytoid markers. Changes in the gene expression of M-CSFR, GM- CSFR and other genes accompanied the lineage switch. The lineage switch could be recapitulated in vivo and in vitro. Even if the children patient with swALL respond slowly to initial therapy, the prognosis is comparable to "other" BCP ALLs. Risk-based ALL therapy appears to be the treatment of choice for swALL. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Delineating aggressiveness of acute myeloid leukemia in a mouse model carrying mutations of Spil (PU.1) and Trp53.
Bašová, Petra ; Stopka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Machová Poláková, Kateřina (referee) ; Zuna, Jan (referee)
PU.1 downregulation within haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is the primary mechanism for the development of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in mice with homozygous deletion of the upstream regulatory element (URE) of PU.1 gene. p53 is a well known tumor suppressor that is often mutated in human haematologic malignancies including AML and adds to their aggressiveness; however its genetic deletion does not cause AML in mouse. Deletion of p53 in the PU.1ure/ure mice (PU.1ure/ure p53-/- ) results in more aggressive AML with shortened overall survival. PU.1ure/ure p53-/- progenitors express significantly lower PU.1 levels. In addition to URE deletion we searched for other mechanisms that in absence of p53 contribute to decreased PU.1 levels in PU.1ure/ure p53-/- mice. We found involvement of Myb and miR-155 in downregulation of PU.1 in aggressive murine AML. Upon inhibition of either Myb or miR-155 in vitro the AML progenitors restore PU.1 levels and lose leukaemic cell growth similarly to PU.1 rescue. The MYB/miR-155/PU.1 axis is a target of p53 and is activated early after p53 loss as indicated by transient p53 knockdown. Furthermore, deregulation of both MYB and miR-155 coupled with PU.1 downregulation was observed in human AML, suggesting that MYB/miR-155/PU.1 mechanism may be involved...
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Explicit and implicit means of reference to the general human agent in English and Czech
Machová, Kateřina ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Popelíková, Jiřina (referee)
The subject of this thesis is the analysis and comparison of explicit and implicit means of reference to the general human agent in English and in Czech. In these languages we may find both explicit and implicit means which are used to refer to the general human agent and which are identical to a certain degree. However, especially among the implicit means we may observe rather different structures in both languages. This thesis analyses two sets of data - the excerpts from two English novels with their Czech translations and two Czech novels with their English translations. The total number of examples excerpted is 200, each example being considered with its translation to the other language. The source language of this study is English for which a set of particular explicit and implicit means which we focus on in this analysis was defined. For this reason, also in the case of the Czech originals the examples were excerpted from the English translations and their Czech original versions were found. The samples obtained from both the sets of data were further compared and the analysed means were divided into three groups - instances where the means in English and in Czech were identical, instances where the means were nonidentical and instances where the reference to the general human agent was...
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Regulation of DLX1 gene expression through AP-1 binding site
Rejlová, Kateřina ; Starková, Júlia (advisor) ; Machová Poláková, Kateřina (referee)
Regulation of expression DLX1 gene, whose elevated levels are detected in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD mutations, is not still completely explored topic. The first aim of this study was to determine which selected signaling pathways regulate gene expression of DLX1. ERK a JNK pathways were selected by using qRT-PCR and western blot. These pathways cause activation of the transcription factor AP-1 subunits, the AP-1 putative promoter binding site was identified also in the promoter of the DLX1 gene. The second aim of this study was to test the hypothesis on the regulation of gene expression of DLX1 (via ERK/JNK pathway) through AP-1 binding site on the promoter. Dual luciferase assay using luminescent luciferase activity was performed to test this hypothesis. Gene of the luciferase is contained in the used luciferase vector. The short and the long part of the DLX1 promoter (around AP-1 site) were inserted before the gene of the luciferase in the constructs used in this method. The results of this study indicate that the regulation of gene expression through AP-1 promoter binding site is important but not sufficient part of the regulatory cascade running through ERK and JNK pathway. There must be another transcription factors activated by ERK1/2 kinase which are probably also involved in...
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Role of the oncogenic microRNAs miR-17-92 and miR-155 in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation and leukemogenesis
Pospíšil, Vít ; Stopka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pospíšek, Martin (referee) ; Machová Poláková, Kateřina (referee)
(English version): Hematopoietic differentiation is highly ordered multistep process, where generation of terminal blood cells is dependent upon coordinated regulation of gene expression by key regulators: transcription factors and mikroRNAs. PU.1 (Sfpi1) is a versatile hematopoetic transcription factor required for the proper generation of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. MikroRNAs represent a novel class of ~22 nucleotide long non-coding posttranscriptional regulators that inhibit expression of genes by blocking protein translation or by mRNA degradation. In this PhD thesis I present research data documenting novel mechanisms of regulation and function of two oncogenic mikroRNAs, miR-17-92 cluster and miR-155 and myeloid transcriptional factors PU.1 upon macrophage differentiation of myeloid progenitors. The miR-17-92 cluster (Oncomir1) encodes seven related mikroRNAs that regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and development and is overexpressed in number of malignancies including myeloid leukemia. Presented PhD thesis documents novel macrophage specific regulatory mechanisms involving the oncogenic cluster miR-17-92. Using transgenic PU.1-/- myeloid progenitors we show that upon macrophage differentiation, the transcription factor PU.1 induces the secondary determinant, the transcription...
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The role of transcription factors PU.1 a GATA-1 during leukemia differentiation.
Burda, Pavel ; Stopka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kořínek, Vladimír (referee) ; Machová Poláková, Kateřina (referee)
Hematopoiesis is coordinated by a complex regulatory network of transcription factors among them PU.1 (Spi1, Sfpi1) and GATA-1 represent key molecules. GATA-1 and PU.1 bind each other on DNA to block each others transcriptional programs to prevent development of undesired lineage during hematopoietic commitment. Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells, transformed erythroid precursors that are blocked from completing the late stages of erythroid differentiation, co-express GATA-1 and PU.1 and as my and others data document, are able to respond to molecular removal (down-regulation) of PU.1 or addition (up-regulation) of GATA-1 by inducing terminal erythroid differentiation. We provide novel evidence that downregulation of GATA-1 or upregulation of PU.1 induces incompletely differentiation into cell cycle arrested monocytic-like cells. Furthermore, PU.1- dependent transcriptome is negatively regulated by GATA-1 in MEL cells, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (Cebpa) and Core-binding factor, beta subunit (Cbfb) that encode additional key hematopoietic transcription factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays identified PU.1 motif sequences near Cebpa and Cbfb that are co-occupied by PU.1 and GATA-1 in the leukemic blasts. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of these loci by...
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